Làm thử Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT · Tiếng Anh · Đề 026

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

JOIN OUR LANGUAGE EXCHANGE CLUB!

Are you looking to (1) ____ your English speaking skills? Want to meet new people from different cultures?

Our club provides a friendly and relaxed atmosphere (2) ____ you can practice speaking English with native speakers and fellow learners. Our weekly meetings are designed to be fun and interactive.

It's a great way to build your confidence and (3) ____ your fluency. (4) ____, you'll make new friends and learn about other countries. Participation is free for all students of the university.

Meetings are held every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in the Student Union building. We look (5) ____ to seeing you there!

To learn more, (6) ____ out our social media page.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

JOIN OUR LANGUAGE EXCHANGE CLUB!

Are you looking to (1) ____ your English speaking skills? Want to meet new people from different cultures?

Our club provides a friendly and relaxed atmosphere (2) ____ you can practice speaking English with native speakers and fellow learners. Our weekly meetings are designed to be fun and interactive.

It's a great way to build your confidence and (3) ____ your fluency. (4) ____, you'll make new friends and learn about other countries. Participation is free for all students of the university.

Meetings are held every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in the Student Union building. We look (5) ____ to seeing you there!

To learn more, (6) ____ out our social media page.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

JOIN OUR LANGUAGE EXCHANGE CLUB!

Are you looking to (1) ____ your English speaking skills? Want to meet new people from different cultures?

Our club provides a friendly and relaxed atmosphere (2) ____ you can practice speaking English with native speakers and fellow learners. Our weekly meetings are designed to be fun and interactive.

It's a great way to build your confidence and (3) ____ your fluency. (4) ____, you'll make new friends and learn about other countries. Participation is free for all students of the university.

Meetings are held every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in the Student Union building. We look (5) ____ to seeing you there!

To learn more, (6) ____ out our social media page.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

JOIN OUR LANGUAGE EXCHANGE CLUB!

Are you looking to (1) ____ your English speaking skills? Want to meet new people from different cultures?

Our club provides a friendly and relaxed atmosphere (2) ____ you can practice speaking English with native speakers and fellow learners. Our weekly meetings are designed to be fun and interactive.

It's a great way to build your confidence and (3) ____ your fluency. (4) ____, you'll make new friends and learn about other countries. Participation is free for all students of the university.

Meetings are held every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in the Student Union building. We look (5) ____ to seeing you there!

To learn more, (6) ____ out our social media page.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

JOIN OUR LANGUAGE EXCHANGE CLUB!

Are you looking to (1) ____ your English speaking skills? Want to meet new people from different cultures?

Our club provides a friendly and relaxed atmosphere (2) ____ you can practice speaking English with native speakers and fellow learners. Our weekly meetings are designed to be fun and interactive.

It's a great way to build your confidence and (3) ____ your fluency. (4) ____, you'll make new friends and learn about other countries. Participation is free for all students of the university.

Meetings are held every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in the Student Union building. We look (5) ____ to seeing you there!

To learn more, (6) ____ out our social media page.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

JOIN OUR LANGUAGE EXCHANGE CLUB!

Are you looking to (1) ____ your English speaking skills? Want to meet new people from different cultures?

Our club provides a friendly and relaxed atmosphere (2) ____ you can practice speaking English with native speakers and fellow learners. Our weekly meetings are designed to be fun and interactive.

It's a great way to build your confidence and (3) ____ your fluency. (4) ____, you'll make new friends and learn about other countries. Participation is free for all students of the university.

Meetings are held every Wednesday at 6 p.m. in the Student Union building. We look (5) ____ to seeing you there!

To learn more, (6) ____ out our social media page.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

STAY SAFE IN THE URBAN HEAT

As city temperatures rise, it's important to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness.

• Drink (7) ____ of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty.
• Strenuous outdoor activities (8) ____ be avoided during the hottest part of the day, typically from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing.
• (9) ____ special attention to those who are most vulnerable: young children and the elderly.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car, where temperatures can become dangerous (10) ____.
• Know the signs of heat exhaustion, (11) ____ dizziness, headache, and nausea.
• If someone feels unwell, move them to a cool place and seek medical (12) ____ immediately.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

STAY SAFE IN THE URBAN HEAT

As city temperatures rise, it's important to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness.

• Drink (7) ____ of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty.
• Strenuous outdoor activities (8) ____ be avoided during the hottest part of the day, typically from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing.
• (9) ____ special attention to those who are most vulnerable: young children and the elderly.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car, where temperatures can become dangerous (10) ____.
• Know the signs of heat exhaustion, (11) ____ dizziness, headache, and nausea.
• If someone feels unwell, move them to a cool place and seek medical (12) ____ immediately.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

STAY SAFE IN THE URBAN HEAT

As city temperatures rise, it's important to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness.

• Drink (7) ____ of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty.
• Strenuous outdoor activities (8) ____ be avoided during the hottest part of the day, typically from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing.
• (9) ____ special attention to those who are most vulnerable: young children and the elderly.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car, where temperatures can become dangerous (10) ____.
• Know the signs of heat exhaustion, (11) ____ dizziness, headache, and nausea.
• If someone feels unwell, move them to a cool place and seek medical (12) ____ immediately.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

STAY SAFE IN THE URBAN HEAT

As city temperatures rise, it's important to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness.

• Drink (7) ____ of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty.
• Strenuous outdoor activities (8) ____ be avoided during the hottest part of the day, typically from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing.
• (9) ____ special attention to those who are most vulnerable: young children and the elderly.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car, where temperatures can become dangerous (10) ____.
• Know the signs of heat exhaustion, (11) ____ dizziness, headache, and nausea.
• If someone feels unwell, move them to a cool place and seek medical (12) ____ immediately.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

STAY SAFE IN THE URBAN HEAT

As city temperatures rise, it's important to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness.

• Drink (7) ____ of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty.
• Strenuous outdoor activities (8) ____ be avoided during the hottest part of the day, typically from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing.
• (9) ____ special attention to those who are most vulnerable: young children and the elderly.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car, where temperatures can become dangerous (10) ____.
• Know the signs of heat exhaustion, (11) ____ dizziness, headache, and nausea.
• If someone feels unwell, move them to a cool place and seek medical (12) ____ immediately.

Read the following notice/advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

STAY SAFE IN THE URBAN HEAT

As city temperatures rise, it's important to take precautions to avoid heat-related illness.

• Drink (7) ____ of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty.
• Strenuous outdoor activities (8) ____ be avoided during the hottest part of the day, typically from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m.
• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-coloured clothing.
• (9) ____ special attention to those who are most vulnerable: young children and the elderly.
• Never leave children or pets in a parked car, where temperatures can become dangerous (10) ____.
• Know the signs of heat exhaustion, (11) ____ dizziness, headache, and nausea.
• If someone feels unwell, move them to a cool place and seek medical (12) ____ immediately.

Question 14. Arrange the sentences to make a meaningful paragraph about career paths.
a. For instance, a person might start in a junior role and gradually move up to a management position.
b. Ultimately, a career path is a personal journey that depends on an individual's goals, skills, and opportunities.
c. This progression often involves gaining experience, acquiring new skills, and taking on more responsibility.
d. A career path refers to the sequence of jobs an individual holds throughout their working life.
e. It is not always a straight line and can involve changes in industry or role.

Question 17. Arrange the sentences to make a meaningful paragraph about mass media.
a. It includes television, radio, newspapers, and, more recently, the internet and social media.
b. However, it is also criticised for the potential spread of misinformation and its influence on public opinion.
c. Mass media plays a crucial role in modern society by disseminating information to a large audience.
d. Its primary functions are to inform, educate, and entertain.
e. This dual nature means that media literacy is an essential skill for citizens today.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The streets of Vietnam's major cities are witnessing a quiet revolution. (18) ____, electric motorbikes are becoming an increasingly common sight. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for more sustainable urban transport. For many city dwellers, the appeal is clear: e-motorbikes produce no local emissions, reduce noise pollution, and have lower running costs compared to their petrol-powered counterparts.

However, the transition is not without its hurdles. One of the main challenges is the limited range of many models, (19) ____ for those who travel long distances daily. Another significant issue is the lack of public charging infrastructure. (20) ____, many potential buyers are hesitant. To address this, some companies are pioneering battery-swapping stations, but this network is still in its early stages of development.

Never before have so many options been available, yet the government has also begun to play a role in promoting this change. Policies are being considered to make e-motorbikes more affordable and accessible. The goal is to build a comprehensive ecosystem (21) ____. Ultimately, the success of this green transition will depend on a concerted effort from manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers alike. Only then can the full potential of electric mobility (22) ____ in creating cleaner, healthier cities for the future.

Question 18. The streets of Vietnam's major cities are witnessing a quiet revolution. (18) ____, electric motorbikes are becoming an increasingly common sight. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for more sustainable urban transport. For many city dwellers, the appeal is clear: e-motorbikes produce no local emissions, reduce noise pollution, and have lower running costs compared to their petrol-powered counterparts.

However, the transition is not without its hurdles. One of the main challenges is the limited range of many models, (19) ____ for those who travel long distances daily. Another significant issue is the lack of public charging infrastructure. (20) ____, many potential buyers are hesitant. To address this, some companies are pioneering battery-swapping stations, but this network is still in its early stages of development.

Never before have so many options been available, yet the government has also begun to play a role in promoting this change. Policies are being considered to make e-motorbikes more affordable and accessible. The goal is to build a comprehensive ecosystem (21) ____. Ultimately, the success of this green transition will depend on a concerted effort from manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers alike. Only then can the full potential of electric mobility (22) ____ in creating cleaner, healthier cities for the future.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The streets of Vietnam's major cities are witnessing a quiet revolution. (18) ____, electric motorbikes are becoming an increasingly common sight. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for more sustainable urban transport. For many city dwellers, the appeal is clear: e-motorbikes produce no local emissions, reduce noise pollution, and have lower running costs compared to their petrol-powered counterparts.

However, the transition is not without its hurdles. One of the main challenges is the limited range of many models, (19) ____ for those who travel long distances daily. Another significant issue is the lack of public charging infrastructure. (20) ____, many potential buyers are hesitant. To address this, some companies are pioneering battery-swapping stations, but this network is still in its early stages of development.

Never before have so many options been available, yet the government has also begun to play a role in promoting this change. Policies are being considered to make e-motorbikes more affordable and accessible. The goal is to build a comprehensive ecosystem (21) ____. Ultimately, the success of this green transition will depend on a concerted effort from manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers alike. Only then can the full potential of electric mobility (22) ____ in creating cleaner, healthier cities for the future.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The streets of Vietnam's major cities are witnessing a quiet revolution. (18) ____, electric motorbikes are becoming an increasingly common sight. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for more sustainable urban transport. For many city dwellers, the appeal is clear: e-motorbikes produce no local emissions, reduce noise pollution, and have lower running costs compared to their petrol-powered counterparts.

However, the transition is not without its hurdles. One of the main challenges is the limited range of many models, (19) ____ for those who travel long distances daily. Another significant issue is the lack of public charging infrastructure. (20) ____, many potential buyers are hesitant. To address this, some companies are pioneering battery-swapping stations, but this network is still in its early stages of development.

Never before have so many options been available, yet the government has also begun to play a role in promoting this change. Policies are being considered to make e-motorbikes more affordable and accessible. The goal is to build a comprehensive ecosystem (21) ____. Ultimately, the success of this green transition will depend on a concerted effort from manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers alike. Only then can the full potential of electric mobility (22) ____ in creating cleaner, healthier cities for the future.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The streets of Vietnam's major cities are witnessing a quiet revolution. (18) ____, electric motorbikes are becoming an increasingly common sight. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for more sustainable urban transport. For many city dwellers, the appeal is clear: e-motorbikes produce no local emissions, reduce noise pollution, and have lower running costs compared to their petrol-powered counterparts.

However, the transition is not without its hurdles. One of the main challenges is the limited range of many models, (19) ____ for those who travel long distances daily. Another significant issue is the lack of public charging infrastructure. (20) ____, many potential buyers are hesitant. To address this, some companies are pioneering battery-swapping stations, but this network is still in its early stages of development.

Never before have so many options been available, yet the government has also begun to play a role in promoting this change. Policies are being considered to make e-motorbikes more affordable and accessible. The goal is to build a comprehensive ecosystem (21) ____. Ultimately, the success of this green transition will depend on a concerted effort from manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers alike. Only then can the full potential of electric mobility (22) ____ in creating cleaner, healthier cities for the future.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The streets of Vietnam's major cities are witnessing a quiet revolution. (18) ____, electric motorbikes are becoming an increasingly common sight. This shift is driven by a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire for more sustainable urban transport. For many city dwellers, the appeal is clear: e-motorbikes produce no local emissions, reduce noise pollution, and have lower running costs compared to their petrol-powered counterparts.

However, the transition is not without its hurdles. One of the main challenges is the limited range of many models, (19) ____ for those who travel long distances daily. Another significant issue is the lack of public charging infrastructure. (20) ____, many potential buyers are hesitant. To address this, some companies are pioneering battery-swapping stations, but this network is still in its early stages of development.

Never before have so many options been available, yet the government has also begun to play a role in promoting this change. Policies are being considered to make e-motorbikes more affordable and accessible. The goal is to build a comprehensive ecosystem (21) ____. Ultimately, the success of this green transition will depend on a concerted effort from manufacturers, policymakers, and consumers alike. Only then can the full potential of electric mobility (22) ____ in creating cleaner, healthier cities for the future.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, learning a new language has never been more accessible. Smartphone applications like Duolingo, Babbel, and Memrise have surged in popularity, attracting millions of users worldwide with the promise of fluency at their fingertips. These apps have transformed language education from a formal, classroom-based activity into a flexible, on-the-go pursuit. But how effective are they really in helping someone master a new tongue?

The primary appeal of these apps lies in their convenience and engaging design. Users can practice vocabulary and grammar for just a few minutes a day, whenever they have a spare moment. To keep learners motivated, many apps incorporate elements of "gamification," such as points, leaderboards, and daily streaks. This design cleverly transforms what can be a repetitive task into an enjoyable and competitive game, encouraging consistent daily practice. They make the initial stages of language learning less intimidating than traditional methods.

However, critics point out several limitations. A major drawback is the lack of genuine, spontaneous conversation. While some apps are integrating AI chatbots, this still doesn't fully replicate the dynamic nature of speaking with a real person. This can lead to a situation where learners know many words and grammar rules but struggle to use them in a real-life context. Furthermore, the focus on bite-sized lessons may prevent a deeper understanding of complex grammatical structures or cultural nuances.

In conclusion, while language learning apps are a fantastic tool for getting started and building vocabulary, they are best viewed as a supplement rather than a complete replacement for more comprehensive learning methods. They can lay a strong foundation, but achieving true fluency likely requires a more varied approach, including interaction with native speakers, exposure to authentic media, and structured instruction.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Question 31. The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Where in paragraph 3 does the following sentence best fit?
"Such a lifestyle is not equally accessible to everyone."

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 31 to 40.

The global campaign against plastic pollution has gained significant momentum in recent years, with the term "plastic-free" becoming a rallying cry for environmentalists and conscious consumers alike. Spurred by alarming images of plastic-choked oceans and wildlife, individuals, communities, and even corporations are joining movements to drastically reduce their reliance on single-use plastics. These campaigns represent a grassroots response to one of the most pressing environmental crises of our time.

At the heart of most plastic-free campaigns are strategies focused on individual behavior change. The most common initiatives encourage the public to refuse plastic straws, carry reusable water bottles and coffee cups, and bring their own bags for shopping. The logic is that collective individual action can create a significant reduction in demand for disposable plastics, thereby sending a powerful market signal to producers. This approach empowers individuals, giving them a sense of agency in tackling a massive global problem.

However, this focus on individual responsibility has drawn criticism. [I] Some argue that it unfairly shifts the burden of solving the plastic crisis from the corporations that produce the plastic to the consumers who use it. [II] Moreover, there are significant socio-economic barriers that make a "plastic-free" lifestyle challenging for many. [III] For example, low-income households may depend on affordable products sold in single-use sachets, and fresh, unpackaged food may be more expensive or less accessible than its plastic-wrapped equivalent. [IV] This reality raises serious questions about the equity and inclusivity of the movement, suggesting that it can sometimes be a privilege of the affluent.

Recognizing these limitations, a more comprehensive view is emerging. This perspective argues that while individual actions are valuable, they are insufficient on their own. Truly effective change requires systemic solutions, including robust government policies like extended producer responsibility (EPR) laws, which make manufacturers financially responsible for the end-of-life management of their products. It also involves innovation in materials science and redesigning delivery systems to eliminate the need for single-use packaging altogether. The ultimate goal is to transition from a linear "take-make-dispose" economy to a circular one where waste is designed out from the beginning.