Làm thử Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT · Tiếng Anh · Đề 089

Question 16. a. For example, many households now compost food scraps instead of throwing them away.
b. More Vietnamese families are adopting greener habits at home.
c. Local governments have supported this shift by offering free composting bins in several districts.
d. Reducing single-use plastic has also become common practice, especially among younger households.
e. Together, these small changes are helping to cut the amount of waste sent to landfill each year.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

A well-designed corridor can be as simple as a row of trees planted along a riverbank or as elaborate as a bridge built specifically for animals to cross a busy highway. By allowing species to move freely between habitats, corridors help maintain genetic diversity that would otherwise decline as isolated populations breed only among themselves. In several countries, camera traps placed along new corridors have recorded animals such as leopards, elephants and even elusive forest cats using the passages within months of their completion.

Building a corridor, however, is rarely straightforward. Planners must negotiate with landowners whose property lies along the proposed route, and construction costs can run into millions of dollars for a single crossing. Local communities are not always convinced of the benefits either, particularly if a corridor is expected to bring large predators closer to farmland or villages. Conservationists have responded by involving residents early in the planning process, since without their support, even a well-designed corridor may struggle to survive politically.

Despite these obstacles, the number of corridor projects worldwide has grown steadily over the past two decades, driven partly by better mapping technology that can identify exactly where fragmented habitats most need reconnecting. Scientists caution that corridors alone cannot solve the wider problem of habitat loss, but most agree that without them, many species confined to shrinking patches of forest would have far less chance of surviving in the long run.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.

Cash, once the default method of payment almost everywhere, is steadily losing ground to digital alternatives. In many cities, contactless cards, mobile wallets and QR-code transfers now account for the majority of everyday transactions, from grocery shopping to splitting a restaurant bill among friends. Economists describe this shift as part of a broader move toward a "cashless society", a term used to describe economies in which physical currency plays an increasingly marginal role.

Several factors have accelerated this transition. [I] Smartphone ownership has expanded rapidly, giving even people in remote areas access to mobile banking apps that once required a visit to a physical branch. [II] Retailers, too, have embraced digital payments because they reduce the time spent counting cash and the risk of theft at the till. [III] Governments in several countries have actively promoted cashless systems, arguing that digital transactions are easier to trace and therefore harder to hide from tax authorities. [IV] The COVID-19 pandemic further reinforced the trend, as many customers and businesses temporarily avoided handling banknotes altogether out of hygiene concerns.

Yet the shift away from cash is not without concern. Elderly people and those without smartphones or bank accounts risk being excluded from everyday transactions if cash disappears entirely. Not only do cashless systems depend on stable internet access, but they also leave a permanent digital trail that raises questions about financial privacy. Small businesses in areas with unreliable connectivity may also struggle to process card or mobile payments during outages, losing sales they would once have completed with cash in hand.

Central banks in a number of countries are now exploring digital currencies of their own, partly in response to these concerns. Unlike private payment apps, a central bank digital currency would be issued and guaranteed directly by the state, potentially offering the security of cash together with the convenience of digital transfers. Whether such currencies can fully replace physical cash, however, remains uncertain, and few central banks expect paper money to disappear completely within the next decade.