Làm thử Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT · Tiếng Anh · Đề 095

Since April, the city has run (1) ____ bicycle-sharing scheme that lets residents borrow a bike at one station and drop it off at another. Members can (2) ____ the scheme online, and the first thirty minutes of every ride are free. Riders (3) ____ break the rules, such as leaving a bike outside a station, may lose their membership. The scheme is popular (4) ____ students, who use it to travel between the two campuses. Bikes are checked every night, (5) ____ ensures that only safe bicycles remain on the road. Anyone wanting more (6) ____ should visit the scheme's website.

Since April, the city has run (1) ____ bicycle-sharing scheme that lets residents borrow a bike at one station and drop it off at another. Members can (2) ____ the scheme online, and the first thirty minutes of every ride are free. Riders (3) ____ break the rules, such as leaving a bike outside a station, may lose their membership. The scheme is popular (4) ____ students, who use it to travel between the two campuses. Bikes are checked every night, (5) ____ ensures that only safe bicycles remain on the road. Anyone wanting more (6) ____ should visit the scheme's website.

Since April, the city has run (1) ____ bicycle-sharing scheme that lets residents borrow a bike at one station and drop it off at another. Members can (2) ____ the scheme online, and the first thirty minutes of every ride are free. Riders (3) ____ break the rules, such as leaving a bike outside a station, may lose their membership. The scheme is popular (4) ____ students, who use it to travel between the two campuses. Bikes are checked every night, (5) ____ ensures that only safe bicycles remain on the road. Anyone wanting more (6) ____ should visit the scheme's website.

Since April, the city has run (1) ____ bicycle-sharing scheme that lets residents borrow a bike at one station and drop it off at another. Members can (2) ____ the scheme online, and the first thirty minutes of every ride are free. Riders (3) ____ break the rules, such as leaving a bike outside a station, may lose their membership. The scheme is popular (4) ____ students, who use it to travel between the two campuses. Bikes are checked every night, (5) ____ ensures that only safe bicycles remain on the road. Anyone wanting more (6) ____ should visit the scheme's website.

Since April, the city has run (1) ____ bicycle-sharing scheme that lets residents borrow a bike at one station and drop it off at another. Members can (2) ____ the scheme online, and the first thirty minutes of every ride are free. Riders (3) ____ break the rules, such as leaving a bike outside a station, may lose their membership. The scheme is popular (4) ____ students, who use it to travel between the two campuses. Bikes are checked every night, (5) ____ ensures that only safe bicycles remain on the road. Anyone wanting more (6) ____ should visit the scheme's website.

Since April, the city has run (1) ____ bicycle-sharing scheme that lets residents borrow a bike at one station and drop it off at another. Members can (2) ____ the scheme online, and the first thirty minutes of every ride are free. Riders (3) ____ break the rules, such as leaving a bike outside a station, may lose their membership. The scheme is popular (4) ____ students, who use it to travel between the two campuses. Bikes are checked every night, (5) ____ ensures that only safe bicycles remain on the road. Anyone wanting more (6) ____ should visit the scheme's website.

A local bookshop is looking for a part-time sales assistant to help out (7) ____ busy weekends. Applicants should have (8) ____ least six months of experience in retail or customer service. The successful candidate will be responsible (9) ____ serving customers, arranging books on the shelves, and keeping the till accurate. Shifts run from nine to five, (10) ____ suits students who are free at weekends. Anyone (11) ____ is interested should send a short CV to the manager by Friday. Only candidates (12) ____ for interview will be contacted.

A local bookshop is looking for a part-time sales assistant to help out (7) ____ busy weekends. Applicants should have (8) ____ least six months of experience in retail or customer service. The successful candidate will be responsible (9) ____ serving customers, arranging books on the shelves, and keeping the till accurate. Shifts run from nine to five, (10) ____ suits students who are free at weekends. Anyone (11) ____ is interested should send a short CV to the manager by Friday. Only candidates (12) ____ for interview will be contacted.

A local bookshop is looking for a part-time sales assistant to help out (7) ____ busy weekends. Applicants should have (8) ____ least six months of experience in retail or customer service. The successful candidate will be responsible (9) ____ serving customers, arranging books on the shelves, and keeping the till accurate. Shifts run from nine to five, (10) ____ suits students who are free at weekends. Anyone (11) ____ is interested should send a short CV to the manager by Friday. Only candidates (12) ____ for interview will be contacted.

A local bookshop is looking for a part-time sales assistant to help out (7) ____ busy weekends. Applicants should have (8) ____ least six months of experience in retail or customer service. The successful candidate will be responsible (9) ____ serving customers, arranging books on the shelves, and keeping the till accurate. Shifts run from nine to five, (10) ____ suits students who are free at weekends. Anyone (11) ____ is interested should send a short CV to the manager by Friday. Only candidates (12) ____ for interview will be contacted.

A local bookshop is looking for a part-time sales assistant to help out (7) ____ busy weekends. Applicants should have (8) ____ least six months of experience in retail or customer service. The successful candidate will be responsible (9) ____ serving customers, arranging books on the shelves, and keeping the till accurate. Shifts run from nine to five, (10) ____ suits students who are free at weekends. Anyone (11) ____ is interested should send a short CV to the manager by Friday. Only candidates (12) ____ for interview will be contacted.

A local bookshop is looking for a part-time sales assistant to help out (7) ____ busy weekends. Applicants should have (8) ____ least six months of experience in retail or customer service. The successful candidate will be responsible (9) ____ serving customers, arranging books on the shelves, and keeping the till accurate. Shifts run from nine to five, (10) ____ suits students who are free at weekends. Anyone (11) ____ is interested should send a short CV to the manager by Friday. Only candidates (12) ____ for interview will be contacted.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Lifelong learning used to bring to mind evening classes in pottery or a foreign language, something people did mainly for fun after they retired. Today, however, the idea has become far more central to how people build careers and stay mentally active. Researchers who study adult learning argue that the skills someone needs at twenty-five are rarely the same skills that will keep them employable at fifty, which is why continuing to learn throughout adulthood has moved from a pleasant hobby to something closer to a necessity.

One reason for this shift is the pace at which technology changes the workplace. A factory worker who trained on a particular machine a decade ago may now find that the machine has been replaced by software that requires an entirely different set of skills. Rather than waiting for their employer to offer training, many workers now enrol in short online courses in their own time, often studying for just twenty minutes a day between other responsibilities. Having discovered that short, regular sessions suit them better than long weekend courses, most of these learners now treat learning as a small daily habit rather than an occasional event.

Lifelong learning is not only about earning more money, though. Psychologists have found that adults who keep learning new skills, from a musical instrument to a new sport, tend to report higher levels of satisfaction with their lives. Learning something unfamiliar forces the brain to form new connections, and some scientists believe this process may even help protect memory as people grow older. It is this connection between learning and wellbeing, rather than any promise of a pay rise, that motivates a growing number of older adults to sign up for evening classes.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.

Cities have always been slightly warmer than the surrounding countryside, but in recent decades this difference has grown sharp enough to earn its own name: the urban heat island effect. Climate scientists define a heat wave as an unusually long stretch of hot weather, and cities magnify its effects because they hold onto heat instead of releasing it back into the sky at night. On a still summer night, a city centre can remain five or six degrees warmer than nearby fields, long after the sun has set. Never before has this gap mattered so much, since heat waves are becoming both more frequent and more intense across much of the world.

Several features of the modern city work together to trap heat. [I] Asphalt roads and concrete buildings absorb sunlight during the day and release it slowly after dark, acting like a giant storage heater. [II] Tall buildings also block the wind that would otherwise carry warm air away. [III] Waste heat from vehicles, factories and air conditioners adds still more warmth to the air. [IV] Green spaces, by contrast, cool their surroundings because plants release moisture into the air as they grow.

Heat waves are not equally dangerous everywhere in a city, however. Neighbourhoods with fewer trees, older housing and less green space tend to heat up faster and cool down more slowly than wealthier districts nearby, so lower-income residents often bear the greatest health risk. During last year's heat wave, while hospitals were treating record numbers of patients, temperature sensors recorded readings above forty degrees in the city centre for several days in a row. Hospitals in several major cities have reported that admissions for heat-related illness rise sharply whenever a heat wave coincides with several nights of little relief from the heat, since bodies that cannot cool down at night struggle to recover before the next hot day begins.

City planners are experimenting with several ways to bring the temperature down. Painting rooftops white, planting trees along streets and adding small parks between buildings have all been shown to lower local temperatures measurably within a few years. It was only after several European cities suffered deadly heat waves in the early 2000s that governments began funding this kind of research seriously, and many of the cooling measures now being tested first appeared in pilot projects launched during that period.