Làm thử Kỳ thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT năm 2026 · Tiếng Anh · Sở GD&ĐT Lâm Đồng · Mã đề 1101

Read the following piece of news and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

A Ritual of Remembrance

Every spring, people on Ly Son Island gather to perform a meaningful ceremony to honor soldiers who lost their lives at sea while protecting Vietnam’s sovereignty. The event attracts a large (1) ________ of local residents and visitors. It is considered one of the most (2) ________ ceremonies in the region.

The ritual (3) ________ at Am Linh Temple by local communities, includes offerings, music, and symbolic activities. Effigies made from clay and straw (4) ________ the soldiers who never returned. It is among the important cultural events that show respect for national history.

This long-standing cultural event, (5) ________ takes place every year, reminds people of the sacrifices made by earlier generations. Over time, it has helped the islanders (6) ________ the reputation for their cultural traditions and national identity.

(Adapted from https://heritagevietnamairlines.com)

Read the following piece of news and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

A Ritual of Remembrance

Every spring, people on Ly Son Island gather to perform a meaningful ceremony to honor soldiers who lost their lives at sea while protecting Vietnam’s sovereignty. The event attracts a large (1) ________ of local residents and visitors. It is considered one of the most (2) ________ ceremonies in the region.

The ritual (3) ________ at Am Linh Temple by local communities, includes offerings, music, and symbolic activities. Effigies made from clay and straw (4) ________ the soldiers who never returned. It is among the important cultural events that show respect for national history.

This long-standing cultural event, (5) ________ takes place every year, reminds people of the sacrifices made by earlier generations. Over time, it has helped the islanders (6) ________ the reputation for their cultural traditions and national identity.

(Adapted from https://heritagevietnamairlines.com)

Read the following piece of news and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

A Ritual of Remembrance

Every spring, people on Ly Son Island gather to perform a meaningful ceremony to honor soldiers who lost their lives at sea while protecting Vietnam’s sovereignty. The event attracts a large (1) ________ of local residents and visitors. It is considered one of the most (2) ________ ceremonies in the region.

The ritual (3) ________ at Am Linh Temple by local communities, includes offerings, music, and symbolic activities. Effigies made from clay and straw (4) ________ the soldiers who never returned. It is among the important cultural events that show respect for national history.

This long-standing cultural event, (5) ________ takes place every year, reminds people of the sacrifices made by earlier generations. Over time, it has helped the islanders (6) ________ the reputation for their cultural traditions and national identity.

(Adapted from https://heritagevietnamairlines.com)

Read the following piece of news and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

A Ritual of Remembrance

Every spring, people on Ly Son Island gather to perform a meaningful ceremony to honor soldiers who lost their lives at sea while protecting Vietnam’s sovereignty. The event attracts a large (1) ________ of local residents and visitors. It is considered one of the most (2) ________ ceremonies in the region.

The ritual (3) ________ at Am Linh Temple by local communities, includes offerings, music, and symbolic activities. Effigies made from clay and straw (4) ________ the soldiers who never returned. It is among the important cultural events that show respect for national history.

This long-standing cultural event, (5) ________ takes place every year, reminds people of the sacrifices made by earlier generations. Over time, it has helped the islanders (6) ________ the reputation for their cultural traditions and national identity.

(Adapted from https://heritagevietnamairlines.com)

Read the following piece of news and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

A Ritual of Remembrance

Every spring, people on Ly Son Island gather to perform a meaningful ceremony to honor soldiers who lost their lives at sea while protecting Vietnam’s sovereignty. The event attracts a large (1) ________ of local residents and visitors. It is considered one of the most (2) ________ ceremonies in the region.

The ritual (3) ________ at Am Linh Temple by local communities, includes offerings, music, and symbolic activities. Effigies made from clay and straw (4) ________ the soldiers who never returned. It is among the important cultural events that show respect for national history.

This long-standing cultural event, (5) ________ takes place every year, reminds people of the sacrifices made by earlier generations. Over time, it has helped the islanders (6) ________ the reputation for their cultural traditions and national identity.

(Adapted from https://heritagevietnamairlines.com)

Read the following piece of news and mark the letter A, B, C and D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

A Ritual of Remembrance

Every spring, people on Ly Son Island gather to perform a meaningful ceremony to honor soldiers who lost their lives at sea while protecting Vietnam’s sovereignty. The event attracts a large (1) ________ of local residents and visitors. It is considered one of the most (2) ________ ceremonies in the region.

The ritual (3) ________ at Am Linh Temple by local communities, includes offerings, music, and symbolic activities. Effigies made from clay and straw (4) ________ the soldiers who never returned. It is among the important cultural events that show respect for national history.

This long-standing cultural event, (5) ________ takes place every year, reminds people of the sacrifices made by earlier generations. Over time, it has helped the islanders (6) ________ the reputation for their cultural traditions and national identity.

(Adapted from https://heritagevietnamairlines.com)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

PROTECTING FORESTS IN CENTRAL ANNAMITES

Together for Nature and Local Communities

Forests in Central Annamites, Viet Nam are vital for both people and wildlife.

(7) ________, illegal logging and land use are damaging many forest areas. This leads (8) ________ environmental problems such as biodiversity loss and climate change.

How Can We Help?

• Encourage (9) ________ individual to use resources wisely.
• Support sustainable farming practices.
• Protect natural forest areas.
• Preserve wildlife habitats.

Using (10) ________ can reduce pressure on forests. Education programmes also help raise awareness about conservation. Avoiding excessive (11) ________ of forest resources is necessary for long-term protection. Developing (12) ________ solutions will benefit both nature and local communities.

Protect Forests Today for a Greener Tomorrow!

(Adapted from https://www.worldwildlife.org)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

PROTECTING FORESTS IN CENTRAL ANNAMITES

Together for Nature and Local Communities

Forests in Central Annamites, Viet Nam are vital for both people and wildlife.

(7) ________, illegal logging and land use are damaging many forest areas. This leads (8) ________ environmental problems such as biodiversity loss and climate change.

How Can We Help?

• Encourage (9) ________ individual to use resources wisely.
• Support sustainable farming practices.
• Protect natural forest areas.
• Preserve wildlife habitats.

Using (10) ________ can reduce pressure on forests. Education programmes also help raise awareness about conservation. Avoiding excessive (11) ________ of forest resources is necessary for long-term protection. Developing (12) ________ solutions will benefit both nature and local communities.

Protect Forests Today for a Greener Tomorrow!

(Adapted from https://www.worldwildlife.org)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

PROTECTING FORESTS IN CENTRAL ANNAMITES

Together for Nature and Local Communities

Forests in Central Annamites, Viet Nam are vital for both people and wildlife.

(7) ________, illegal logging and land use are damaging many forest areas. This leads (8) ________ environmental problems such as biodiversity loss and climate change.

How Can We Help?

• Encourage (9) ________ individual to use resources wisely.
• Support sustainable farming practices.
• Protect natural forest areas.
• Preserve wildlife habitats.

Using (10) ________ can reduce pressure on forests. Education programmes also help raise awareness about conservation. Avoiding excessive (11) ________ of forest resources is necessary for long-term protection. Developing (12) ________ solutions will benefit both nature and local communities.

Protect Forests Today for a Greener Tomorrow!

(Adapted from https://www.worldwildlife.org)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

PROTECTING FORESTS IN CENTRAL ANNAMITES

Together for Nature and Local Communities

Forests in Central Annamites, Viet Nam are vital for both people and wildlife.

(7) ________, illegal logging and land use are damaging many forest areas. This leads (8) ________ environmental problems such as biodiversity loss and climate change.

How Can We Help?

• Encourage (9) ________ individual to use resources wisely.
• Support sustainable farming practices.
• Protect natural forest areas.
• Preserve wildlife habitats.

Using (10) ________ can reduce pressure on forests. Education programmes also help raise awareness about conservation. Avoiding excessive (11) ________ of forest resources is necessary for long-term protection. Developing (12) ________ solutions will benefit both nature and local communities.

Protect Forests Today for a Greener Tomorrow!

(Adapted from https://www.worldwildlife.org)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

PROTECTING FORESTS IN CENTRAL ANNAMITES

Together for Nature and Local Communities

Forests in Central Annamites, Viet Nam are vital for both people and wildlife.

(7) ________, illegal logging and land use are damaging many forest areas. This leads (8) ________ environmental problems such as biodiversity loss and climate change.

How Can We Help?

• Encourage (9) ________ individual to use resources wisely.
• Support sustainable farming practices.
• Protect natural forest areas.
• Preserve wildlife habitats.

Using (10) ________ can reduce pressure on forests. Education programmes also help raise awareness about conservation. Avoiding excessive (11) ________ of forest resources is necessary for long-term protection. Developing (12) ________ solutions will benefit both nature and local communities.

Protect Forests Today for a Greener Tomorrow!

(Adapted from https://www.worldwildlife.org)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

PROTECTING FORESTS IN CENTRAL ANNAMITES

Together for Nature and Local Communities

Forests in Central Annamites, Viet Nam are vital for both people and wildlife.

(7) ________, illegal logging and land use are damaging many forest areas. This leads (8) ________ environmental problems such as biodiversity loss and climate change.

How Can We Help?

• Encourage (9) ________ individual to use resources wisely.
• Support sustainable farming practices.
• Protect natural forest areas.
• Preserve wildlife habitats.

Using (10) ________ can reduce pressure on forests. Education programmes also help raise awareness about conservation. Avoiding excessive (11) ________ of forest resources is necessary for long-term protection. Developing (12) ________ solutions will benefit both nature and local communities.

Protect Forests Today for a Greener Tomorrow!

(Adapted from https://www.worldwildlife.org)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 13.

a. Lisa: Okay, let me know if you need any help.

b. Lisa: Are you ready for the Math test tomorrow?

c. Jack: Not really, I still need to review a few chapters tonight.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 14.

a. Tom: I used to study from books, but now I learn a lot through online platforms and mobile apps.

b. Anna: Same here! It’s more flexible, but I think traditional classroom learning still has its own benefits.

c. Anna: Do you use any new ways to learn English these days?

d. Anna: I believe each method has its own strengths that we can take full advantage of.

e. Tom: You’re right. Face-to-face interaction gives us real communication that’s hard to replace.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 15.

a. Moreover, educating residents about responsible waste disposal practices helps cultivate environmental awareness and encourages active civic participation in the city’s sustainability initiatives.

b. Effective waste sorting plays a pivotal role in sustainable urban management in Ho Chi Minh City, as it directly contributes to improved recycling efficiency and a significant reduction in landfill dependency.

c. For example, materials such as plastic, paper, and glass should be separated from food waste, as they can be recycled and reintegrated into production cycles when properly collected.

d. In conclusion, by promoting systematic waste sorting across Ho Chi Minh City, local authorities and communities can work together to create a cleaner urban environment while maximizing resource reuse and minimizing ecological strain.

e. A crucial component of this process involves raising public awareness of waste classification, including recyclable materials, organic waste, and residual household refuse, each of which requires distinct handling methods.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 16.

Hi Gemma,

a. I would greatly appreciate it if you could provide further details regarding the programme structure and assessment criteria.

b. I am writing to express my interest in enrolling in your advanced AI-integrated language course.

c. In particular, I am keen to understand how the course accommodates learners seeking both flexibility and academic rigour.

d. I look forward to your response and hope to proceed with the application in due course.

e. Having reviewed the information available on your website, I am particularly impressed by the emphasis on personalised learning pathways.

Write back soon,

Billy

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 17.

a. This transformation also included the development of new industrial areas, as farmland nearby was converted into factories and small production sites.

b. Overall, these changes highlight the modernisation of Lakeview, turning it from a peaceful residential district into a more dynamic and commercially active area.

c. Between 2010 and 2022, the outer areas of Lakeview city experienced significant changes, reflecting a shift towards urban growth and economic development.

d. Housing areas were greatly affected, with many old houses being replaced by modern buildings, and a local park being relocated.

e. At the same time, commercial facilities expanded rapidly, especially with the construction of a large mall and a parking lot on former residential land.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Academic pressure from well-meaning parents has become a growing concern affecting students’ emotions and development. Many parents strongly incentivise their children to pursue rigorous academic schedules encompassing an extensive range of subjects. This pressure (18) ________. They might feel overwhelmed by the number of assignments and exams they have to prepare for each week. Parents also want their children to succeed, which can result in more stress and anxiety. Moreover, (19) ________.

Some students (20) ________ find it difficult to balance their studies with other activities. Such children frequently find themselves deprived of opportunities for leisure pursuits or meaningful social interaction, a sustained imbalance that can undermine mental well-being and precipitate academic burnout. Parents may not realize the impact of their expectations on their children’s well-being. (21) ________.

To help reduce this pressure, students should be given time to relax and explore their interests. Given the chance to take breaks, (22) ________. Constructive parental communication and well-balanced daily routines contribute significantly to healthier learning habits, stronger resilience, and sustained long-term success. Maintaining a healthy balance between academic responsibilities and personal well-being enables students to develop positively and thrive successfully in the long term.

(Adapted from OECD, Students’ Well-Being and Academic Pressure)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Academic pressure from well-meaning parents has become a growing concern affecting students’ emotions and development. Many parents strongly incentivise their children to pursue rigorous academic schedules encompassing an extensive range of subjects. This pressure (18) ________. They might feel overwhelmed by the number of assignments and exams they have to prepare for each week. Parents also want their children to succeed, which can result in more stress and anxiety. Moreover, (19) ________.

Some students (20) ________ find it difficult to balance their studies with other activities. Such children frequently find themselves deprived of opportunities for leisure pursuits or meaningful social interaction, a sustained imbalance that can undermine mental well-being and precipitate academic burnout. Parents may not realize the impact of their expectations on their children’s well-being. (21) ________.

To help reduce this pressure, students should be given time to relax and explore their interests. Given the chance to take breaks, (22) ________. Constructive parental communication and well-balanced daily routines contribute significantly to healthier learning habits, stronger resilience, and sustained long-term success. Maintaining a healthy balance between academic responsibilities and personal well-being enables students to develop positively and thrive successfully in the long term.

(Adapted from OECD, Students’ Well-Being and Academic Pressure)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Academic pressure from well-meaning parents has become a growing concern affecting students’ emotions and development. Many parents strongly incentivise their children to pursue rigorous academic schedules encompassing an extensive range of subjects. This pressure (18) ________. They might feel overwhelmed by the number of assignments and exams they have to prepare for each week. Parents also want their children to succeed, which can result in more stress and anxiety. Moreover, (19) ________.

Some students (20) ________ find it difficult to balance their studies with other activities. Such children frequently find themselves deprived of opportunities for leisure pursuits or meaningful social interaction, a sustained imbalance that can undermine mental well-being and precipitate academic burnout. Parents may not realize the impact of their expectations on their children’s well-being. (21) ________.

To help reduce this pressure, students should be given time to relax and explore their interests. Given the chance to take breaks, (22) ________. Constructive parental communication and well-balanced daily routines contribute significantly to healthier learning habits, stronger resilience, and sustained long-term success. Maintaining a healthy balance between academic responsibilities and personal well-being enables students to develop positively and thrive successfully in the long term.

(Adapted from OECD, Students’ Well-Being and Academic Pressure)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Academic pressure from well-meaning parents has become a growing concern affecting students’ emotions and development. Many parents strongly incentivise their children to pursue rigorous academic schedules encompassing an extensive range of subjects. This pressure (18) ________. They might feel overwhelmed by the number of assignments and exams they have to prepare for each week. Parents also want their children to succeed, which can result in more stress and anxiety. Moreover, (19) ________.

Some students (20) ________ find it difficult to balance their studies with other activities. Such children frequently find themselves deprived of opportunities for leisure pursuits or meaningful social interaction, a sustained imbalance that can undermine mental well-being and precipitate academic burnout. Parents may not realize the impact of their expectations on their children’s well-being. (21) ________.

To help reduce this pressure, students should be given time to relax and explore their interests. Given the chance to take breaks, (22) ________. Constructive parental communication and well-balanced daily routines contribute significantly to healthier learning habits, stronger resilience, and sustained long-term success. Maintaining a healthy balance between academic responsibilities and personal well-being enables students to develop positively and thrive successfully in the long term.

(Adapted from OECD, Students’ Well-Being and Academic Pressure)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

Academic pressure from well-meaning parents has become a growing concern affecting students’ emotions and development. Many parents strongly incentivise their children to pursue rigorous academic schedules encompassing an extensive range of subjects. This pressure (18) ________. They might feel overwhelmed by the number of assignments and exams they have to prepare for each week. Parents also want their children to succeed, which can result in more stress and anxiety. Moreover, (19) ________.

Some students (20) ________ find it difficult to balance their studies with other activities. Such children frequently find themselves deprived of opportunities for leisure pursuits or meaningful social interaction, a sustained imbalance that can undermine mental well-being and precipitate academic burnout. Parents may not realize the impact of their expectations on their children’s well-being. (21) ________.

To help reduce this pressure, students should be given time to relax and explore their interests. Given the chance to take breaks, (22) ________. Constructive parental communication and well-balanced daily routines contribute significantly to healthier learning habits, stronger resilience, and sustained long-term success. Maintaining a healthy balance between academic responsibilities and personal well-being enables students to develop positively and thrive successfully in the long term.

(Adapted from OECD, Students’ Well-Being and Academic Pressure)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

There are countless technological innovations shaping the modern world today. However, the majority of global users rely on a relatively small number of dominant digital platforms, including search engines, social media networks, cloud-based services, and mobile applications. According to recent reports by the World Economic Forum, this concentration of technological power has accelerated innovation while simultaneously raising concerns about digital inequality, data privacy, and market monopolisation.

When technology evolves rapidly, it inevitably transforms how societies function. Digital tools influence communication patterns, reshape labour markets, and redefine access to information. For example, artificial intelligence systems are increasingly used in healthcare, finance, and education. Their efficiency stems from the ability to process vast quantities of data, enabling faster decision-making than traditional human-led systems. As a result, productivity has improved across multiple sectors.

In response to these developments, governments and institutions are attempting to regulate technological growth responsibly. Several countries have introduced digital literacy programmes to help citizens navigate online environments safely. Others have implemented data-protection laws to ensure that personal information is not exploited. These measures illustrate how policy intervention can mitigate technological risks while preserving innovation.

Technology also offers new solutions for addressing large-scale challenges. Open-source platforms, online learning systems, and remote collaboration tools have expanded access to knowledge worldwide. Because such technologies are widely accessible via the Internet, individuals from diverse backgrounds can acquire skills, participate in global discourse, and contribute to digital economies. Nevertheless, experts emphasise that technological progress must be guided by ethical frameworks to ensure long-term social benefit rather than unchecked automation.

(Adapted from World Economic Forum & OECD reports on digital transformation)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Question 38. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

Without comprehensive regulation, market forces will likely continue to privilege dominant media powers at the expense of diversity.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

In the era of globalization, mass media has emerged as both a conduit of cultural exchange and a catalyst of cultural homogenization. Through film, television, and music, dominant cultures circulate their narratives across borders, shaping consumer tastes and social norms worldwide. Yet the same process jeopardizes local traditions, which struggle to remain visible. The ubiquity of Western pop culture, obliterating many regions once saturated with indigenous practices, illustrates the asymmetry of influence. [I]

Scholars debate whether globalization enriches cultural hybridity or erodes distinctiveness. On one hand, exposure to foreign traditions can foster cosmopolitanism; on the other, unchecked dissemination often mirrors cultural imperialism. Media theorist John Tomlinson has argued that global flows of content tend to privilege dominant powers, marginalizing local voices. This tension becomes especially evident in emerging economies, where imported media frequently eclipses domestic production. [II]

Importantly, the media does not simply transmit culture passively; it reframes it. Content is adapted, or resisted, producing hybrid identities. “To consume global media is never to abandon one’s identity entirely; rather, it is to negotiate between worlds”, notes cultural critic Ines Tasya Jadidah. Nonetheless, corporations seeking profit standardize cultural products to reach wider audiences, thereby reducing diversity. [III]

Strategies to safeguard pluralism include promoting local content, supporting minority creators, and investing in media literacy. Nations such as France and Canada impose quotas requiring broadcasters to feature domestic productions. Meanwhile, grassroots initiatives empower marginalized communities to produce their own narratives, countering dominant scripts. Still, critics warn that without structural reforms in global media markets, such efforts may remain insufficient. [IV] The challenge, therefore, is not merely technical but ethical: how to balance cultural exchange with cultural survival. Policymakers must craft environments where diversity thrives, while corporations must embrace responsibility beyond profit. In this light, global media can function as both a bridge and a barrier.

(Adapted from Journal of East-West Thought)