Làm thử Khảo sát, đánh giá chất lượng giáo dục lớp 12 THPT lần thứ ba · Tiếng Anh · Sở GD&ĐT Ninh Bình · Năm học 2025-2026 · Mã đề 1101

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Question 9. Where in the passage does the following sentence best fit?

"Instead of inevitably causing widespread unemployment, technological innovation may encourage the creation of new types of jobs as well as the transformation of the existing ones."

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 1 to 10.

A substantial share of the global workforce may need to move into new occupations within the next decade, while all workers will have to update their skills in response to rapid technological change. Automation, often linked to embodied artificial intelligence (AI), is only one aspect of this transformation; equally important are algorithmic systems built into digital infrastructures. (I) This is especially visible in the knowledge economy, where data-driven roles are increasingly shaped by algorithms that can carry out tasks once dependent on human judgement, including analysing documents, interpreting complex data, and generating strategic insights with greater accuracy.

While such systems can optimise efficiency, curtail operational costs, and facilitate ostensibly objective decision-making, they simultaneously engender profound challenges for professional development. Traditional ways of gaining expertise, based on observation, apprenticeship, and gradual involvement, may weaken as routine cognitive tasks become automated. This raises important questions about how advanced skills will be developed without continuous human guidance, making it necessary to design new approaches to training and intellectual growth. (II)

Another concern is the growing role of algorithmic management within organisations. In some cases, algorithms determine the nature and timing of employee interactions, replacing forms of judgement that were previously based on experience. As key knowledge becomes embedded in these systems, workers may become too dependent on algorithmic outputs, which could limit creativity and reduce willingness to explore new ideas. (III) Moreover, instances of data manipulation to satisfy performance metrics underscore the unintended ramifications and ethical ambiguities inherent in algorithm-driven management structures.

Looking ahead, the future of work is likely to involve flexible and non-linear career paths, marked by continuous reskilling and regular transitions rather than a fixed progression from education to retirement. (IV) This shift in career patterns suggests that long-term job stability can no longer be taken for granted. Instead, retraining happens across the life course, and multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at different stages. Importantly, employment outcomes are influenced not only by technology but also by policies and institutional decisions. Historical precedents suggest that judiciously designed social policies encompassing retraining initiatives and legislative reform can ameliorate disruption while fostering job security, equitable income distribution, and a more inclusive and sustainable economy.

(Adapted from Cambridge IELTS 16)

Question 10. Which of the following best summarises the passage?

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Fun and Resume-Boosting Summer Activities for High School Students

During a summer break, students can explore interests, gain real-world experience, and still enjoy this time (11) ______ from school. It is not just for de-stressing, but for getting ahead and (12) ______ activities for college applications. Try these activities:

Interning: You can gain hands-on experience (13) ______ developing practical skills.

Working a Summer Job: (14) ______ demonstrates a high-level responsibility on your resume.

Volunteering: Like with (15) ______ activities, you should choose something genuinely meaningful and important to you.

Exploring a New Hobby: Hobbies can make you a more interesting and well-rounded student.

Taking Summer Classes: Many community colleges offer early-credit programs, allowing students to get a (16) ______ start before the new school year begins.

(Adapted from https://www.theteenmagazine.com)

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Fun and Resume-Boosting Summer Activities for High School Students

During a summer break, students can explore interests, gain real-world experience, and still enjoy this time (11) ______ from school. It is not just for de-stressing, but for getting ahead and (12) ______ activities for college applications. Try these activities:

Interning: You can gain hands-on experience (13) ______ developing practical skills.

Working a Summer Job: (14) ______ demonstrates a high-level responsibility on your resume.

Volunteering: Like with (15) ______ activities, you should choose something genuinely meaningful and important to you.

Exploring a New Hobby: Hobbies can make you a more interesting and well-rounded student.

Taking Summer Classes: Many community colleges offer early-credit programs, allowing students to get a (16) ______ start before the new school year begins.

(Adapted from https://www.theteenmagazine.com)

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Fun and Resume-Boosting Summer Activities for High School Students

During a summer break, students can explore interests, gain real-world experience, and still enjoy this time (11) ______ from school. It is not just for de-stressing, but for getting ahead and (12) ______ activities for college applications. Try these activities:

Interning: You can gain hands-on experience (13) ______ developing practical skills.

Working a Summer Job: (14) ______ demonstrates a high-level responsibility on your resume.

Volunteering: Like with (15) ______ activities, you should choose something genuinely meaningful and important to you.

Exploring a New Hobby: Hobbies can make you a more interesting and well-rounded student.

Taking Summer Classes: Many community colleges offer early-credit programs, allowing students to get a (16) ______ start before the new school year begins.

(Adapted from https://www.theteenmagazine.com)

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Fun and Resume-Boosting Summer Activities for High School Students

During a summer break, students can explore interests, gain real-world experience, and still enjoy this time (11) ______ from school. It is not just for de-stressing, but for getting ahead and (12) ______ activities for college applications. Try these activities:

Interning: You can gain hands-on experience (13) ______ developing practical skills.

Working a Summer Job: (14) ______ demonstrates a high-level responsibility on your resume.

Volunteering: Like with (15) ______ activities, you should choose something genuinely meaningful and important to you.

Exploring a New Hobby: Hobbies can make you a more interesting and well-rounded student.

Taking Summer Classes: Many community colleges offer early-credit programs, allowing students to get a (16) ______ start before the new school year begins.

(Adapted from https://www.theteenmagazine.com)

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Fun and Resume-Boosting Summer Activities for High School Students

During a summer break, students can explore interests, gain real-world experience, and still enjoy this time (11) ______ from school. It is not just for de-stressing, but for getting ahead and (12) ______ activities for college applications. Try these activities:

Interning: You can gain hands-on experience (13) ______ developing practical skills.

Working a Summer Job: (14) ______ demonstrates a high-level responsibility on your resume.

Volunteering: Like with (15) ______ activities, you should choose something genuinely meaningful and important to you.

Exploring a New Hobby: Hobbies can make you a more interesting and well-rounded student.

Taking Summer Classes: Many community colleges offer early-credit programs, allowing students to get a (16) ______ start before the new school year begins.

(Adapted from https://www.theteenmagazine.com)

Read the following advertisement and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 11 to 16.

Fun and Resume-Boosting Summer Activities for High School Students

During a summer break, students can explore interests, gain real-world experience, and still enjoy this time (11) ______ from school. It is not just for de-stressing, but for getting ahead and (12) ______ activities for college applications. Try these activities:

Interning: You can gain hands-on experience (13) ______ developing practical skills.

Working a Summer Job: (14) ______ demonstrates a high-level responsibility on your resume.

Volunteering: Like with (15) ______ activities, you should choose something genuinely meaningful and important to you.

Exploring a New Hobby: Hobbies can make you a more interesting and well-rounded student.

Taking Summer Classes: Many community colleges offer early-credit programs, allowing students to get a (16) ______ start before the new school year begins.

(Adapted from https://www.theteenmagazine.com)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 17 to 24.

Today's cars are smaller, safer, cleaner, and more economical than their predecessors, but the car of the future will be far more pollution-free than those on the road today. Several new types of automobile engines have already been developed that run on alternative sources of power, such as electricity, compressed natural gas, methanol, steam, hydrogen, and propane. Electricity, however, is the only zero-emission option presently available.

Although electric vehicles will not be truly practical until a powerful, compact battery or other dependable source of current is available, transportation experts foresee a new assortment of electric vehicles entering everyday life: shorter-range commuter electric cars, three-wheeled neighbourhood cars, electric delivery vans, bikes, and trolleys.

As automakers work to develop practical electric vehicles, urban planners and utility engineers are focusing on infrastructure systems to facilitate and make the best use of the new cars. The dissemination of public charging hubs must reach a saturation point comparable to that of today's fossil-fuel distribution networks. Public parking spots on the street or in commercial lots will need to be equipped with devices that allow drivers to charge their batteries while they shop, dine, or attend a concert. To encourage the use of electric vehicles, the most convenient parking in transportation centers might be reserved for electric cars.

Planners foresee that electric shuttle buses, trains, buses, and neighbourhood vehicles will converge at transport centres equipped with charging and rental services. Commuters will be able to hire a variety of electric vehicles suited to their specific needs, including light trucks, single-passenger three-wheelers, small cars, or hybrid vehicles for longer journeys. Such journeys are likely to take place on advanced, automated highways capable of accommodating up to five times the number of vehicles currently handled by today's road systems.

(Adapted from TOEFL Test Assistant Reading)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 30.

Ninh Binh to Host 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament

Ninh Binh will host the first leg of the 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament, (25) ______ will take place from July 31 to August 2 and feature top teams from Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The announcement, made by the General Secretary of the Vietnam Volleyball Federation, highlighted the province's (26) ______ to organise large-scale sporting events.

The matches are expected to deliver (27) ______ performances as regional talents compete at a high (28) ______. The tournament will follow a single round-robin format, with the second leg (29) ______ in Thailand from August 7-9.

With its standardised facilities and the successful experience in organising the previous season, Ninh Binh Gymnasium (30) ______ many other candidates to become the venue for regional talents. Join us in Ninh Binh to cheer for the women's volleyball teams.

(Adapted from https://en.baoninhbinh.org.vn/)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 30.

Ninh Binh to Host 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament

Ninh Binh will host the first leg of the 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament, (25) ______ will take place from July 31 to August 2 and feature top teams from Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The announcement, made by the General Secretary of the Vietnam Volleyball Federation, highlighted the province's (26) ______ to organise large-scale sporting events.

The matches are expected to deliver (27) ______ performances as regional talents compete at a high (28) ______. The tournament will follow a single round-robin format, with the second leg (29) ______ in Thailand from August 7-9.

With its standardised facilities and the successful experience in organising the previous season, Ninh Binh Gymnasium (30) ______ many other candidates to become the venue for regional talents. Join us in Ninh Binh to cheer for the women's volleyball teams.

(Adapted from https://en.baoninhbinh.org.vn/)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 30.

Ninh Binh to Host 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament

Ninh Binh will host the first leg of the 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament, (25) ______ will take place from July 31 to August 2 and feature top teams from Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The announcement, made by the General Secretary of the Vietnam Volleyball Federation, highlighted the province's (26) ______ to organise large-scale sporting events.

The matches are expected to deliver (27) ______ performances as regional talents compete at a high (28) ______. The tournament will follow a single round-robin format, with the second leg (29) ______ in Thailand from August 7-9.

With its standardised facilities and the successful experience in organising the previous season, Ninh Binh Gymnasium (30) ______ many other candidates to become the venue for regional talents. Join us in Ninh Binh to cheer for the women's volleyball teams.

(Adapted from https://en.baoninhbinh.org.vn/)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 30.

Ninh Binh to Host 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament

Ninh Binh will host the first leg of the 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament, (25) ______ will take place from July 31 to August 2 and feature top teams from Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The announcement, made by the General Secretary of the Vietnam Volleyball Federation, highlighted the province's (26) ______ to organise large-scale sporting events.

The matches are expected to deliver (27) ______ performances as regional talents compete at a high (28) ______. The tournament will follow a single round-robin format, with the second leg (29) ______ in Thailand from August 7-9.

With its standardised facilities and the successful experience in organising the previous season, Ninh Binh Gymnasium (30) ______ many other candidates to become the venue for regional talents. Join us in Ninh Binh to cheer for the women's volleyball teams.

(Adapted from https://en.baoninhbinh.org.vn/)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 30.

Ninh Binh to Host 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament

Ninh Binh will host the first leg of the 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament, (25) ______ will take place from July 31 to August 2 and feature top teams from Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The announcement, made by the General Secretary of the Vietnam Volleyball Federation, highlighted the province's (26) ______ to organise large-scale sporting events.

The matches are expected to deliver (27) ______ performances as regional talents compete at a high (28) ______. The tournament will follow a single round-robin format, with the second leg (29) ______ in Thailand from August 7-9.

With its standardised facilities and the successful experience in organising the previous season, Ninh Binh Gymnasium (30) ______ many other candidates to become the venue for regional talents. Join us in Ninh Binh to cheer for the women's volleyball teams.

(Adapted from https://en.baoninhbinh.org.vn/)

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 25 to 30.

Ninh Binh to Host 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament

Ninh Binh will host the first leg of the 2026 SEA V.League Women's Tournament, (25) ______ will take place from July 31 to August 2 and feature top teams from Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. The announcement, made by the General Secretary of the Vietnam Volleyball Federation, highlighted the province's (26) ______ to organise large-scale sporting events.

The matches are expected to deliver (27) ______ performances as regional talents compete at a high (28) ______. The tournament will follow a single round-robin format, with the second leg (29) ______ in Thailand from August 7-9.

With its standardised facilities and the successful experience in organising the previous season, Ninh Binh Gymnasium (30) ______ many other candidates to become the venue for regional talents. Join us in Ninh Binh to cheer for the women's volleyball teams.

(Adapted from https://en.baoninhbinh.org.vn/)

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 31 to 35.

Question 31. Dear Scholarship Committee,

a. I am writing to apply for the Academic Excellence Scholarship offered by your university for the 2026–2027 academic year.

b. This scholarship would significantly support my studies in Environmental Science, allowing me to focus on research projects and academic development.

c. Throughout my secondary education, I have consistently achieved top academic results and actively participated in science competitions and community projects.

d. If awarded this scholarship, I will contribute to campus research initiatives while maintaining high academic performance.

e. I would be grateful for the opportunity to be considered and am available for any further interviews required.

Yours faithfully,

Linh Pham

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 31 to 35.

Question 32.

a. I realised that small, consistent efforts were far more effective than last-minute cramming, and this experience changed my study habits completely.

b. I remember feeling extremely anxious the night before my final English exam because I had not revised systematically.

c. However, instead of panicking, I decided to organise my notes and only focus on the most important topics.

d. During the exam preparation period, I often postponed revision until the last moment, believing I still had enough time.

e. This situation forced me to rethink the way I managed my time and priorities in learning.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 31 to 35.

Question 33.

a. Consequently, the distinction between authentic identity and curated representation becomes increasingly blurred, making self-presentation a strategic act rather than a spontaneous expression.

b. A curated persona refers to the carefully constructed version of oneself that individuals present on social media and other digital platforms.

c. In many cases, users selectively highlight achievements, experiences, and emotions while omitting aspects that may appear ordinary or undesirable.

d. This shift reflects how digital environments encourage individuals to continuously manage impressions in order to gain approval, attention, or social validation.

e. Furthermore, the pressure to maintain a consistent online image often leads individuals to adjust their behaviour in offline contexts as well.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 31 to 35.

Question 34.

a. Miguel: Yes, and they learn to be more independent because they're away from their home and families.

b. Antonia: I think you can learn a lot about architecture and history and things like that.

c. Antonia: Right. What about this sort of activity holiday in the mountains? I think it can give young people exciting experiences and adventures, things they don't get in their everyday lives.

d. Miguel: How do you think doing a sightseeing tour of a city might be good for students?

e. Miguel: Yes, and also you can visit somewhere very different and learn about other cultures.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a meaningful exchange or text in each of the following questions from 31 to 35.

Question 35.

a. Linda: Oh, I know, he taught me when I was quite young. He's got a beard and lots of black hair, hasn't he?

b. David: I've just started learning the piano. I've got a really nice teacher. He's called Mr Hall.

c. David: Well, the Mr Hall who teaches me hasn't got much hair and it's grey, but he does have a beard and wears glasses.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 36 to 40.

Urbanization, (36) ______, has been a defining trend of the 21st century. While this phenomenon has brought about numerous benefits, including increased economic opportunities and improved access to services, it has also had a profound impact on local communities, often leading to their decline.

The rapid growth of cities has led to a mass exodus from rural areas, (37) ______. This migration has resulted in a brain drain from smaller communities, with young, educated individuals being the most likely to leave. As a result, many rural areas have older populations and fewer workers, making it difficult to support local economies and basic services.

(38) ______. As cities grow, they encroach upon surrounding rural areas, leading to the loss of farmland and green spaces. This (39) ______, further eroding the character of rural communities.

The rise of big-box stores and online shopping has dealt another blow to local communities. (40) ______. This has led to the closure of many local shops, leaving once-vibrant main streets eerily quiet and diminishing the sense of community.

(Adapted from https://ielts.net)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 36 to 40.

Urbanization, (36) ______, has been a defining trend of the 21st century. While this phenomenon has brought about numerous benefits, including increased economic opportunities and improved access to services, it has also had a profound impact on local communities, often leading to their decline.

The rapid growth of cities has led to a mass exodus from rural areas, (37) ______. This migration has resulted in a brain drain from smaller communities, with young, educated individuals being the most likely to leave. As a result, many rural areas have older populations and fewer workers, making it difficult to support local economies and basic services.

(38) ______. As cities grow, they encroach upon surrounding rural areas, leading to the loss of farmland and green spaces. This (39) ______, further eroding the character of rural communities.

The rise of big-box stores and online shopping has dealt another blow to local communities. (40) ______. This has led to the closure of many local shops, leaving once-vibrant main streets eerily quiet and diminishing the sense of community.

(Adapted from https://ielts.net)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 36 to 40.

Urbanization, (36) ______, has been a defining trend of the 21st century. While this phenomenon has brought about numerous benefits, including increased economic opportunities and improved access to services, it has also had a profound impact on local communities, often leading to their decline.

The rapid growth of cities has led to a mass exodus from rural areas, (37) ______. This migration has resulted in a brain drain from smaller communities, with young, educated individuals being the most likely to leave. As a result, many rural areas have older populations and fewer workers, making it difficult to support local economies and basic services.

(38) ______. As cities grow, they encroach upon surrounding rural areas, leading to the loss of farmland and green spaces. This (39) ______, further eroding the character of rural communities.

The rise of big-box stores and online shopping has dealt another blow to local communities. (40) ______. This has led to the closure of many local shops, leaving once-vibrant main streets eerily quiet and diminishing the sense of community.

(Adapted from https://ielts.net)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 36 to 40.

Urbanization, (36) ______, has been a defining trend of the 21st century. While this phenomenon has brought about numerous benefits, including increased economic opportunities and improved access to services, it has also had a profound impact on local communities, often leading to their decline.

The rapid growth of cities has led to a mass exodus from rural areas, (37) ______. This migration has resulted in a brain drain from smaller communities, with young, educated individuals being the most likely to leave. As a result, many rural areas have older populations and fewer workers, making it difficult to support local economies and basic services.

(38) ______. As cities grow, they encroach upon surrounding rural areas, leading to the loss of farmland and green spaces. This (39) ______, further eroding the character of rural communities.

The rise of big-box stores and online shopping has dealt another blow to local communities. (40) ______. This has led to the closure of many local shops, leaving once-vibrant main streets eerily quiet and diminishing the sense of community.

(Adapted from https://ielts.net)

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 36 to 40.

Urbanization, (36) ______, has been a defining trend of the 21st century. While this phenomenon has brought about numerous benefits, including increased economic opportunities and improved access to services, it has also had a profound impact on local communities, often leading to their decline.

The rapid growth of cities has led to a mass exodus from rural areas, (37) ______. This migration has resulted in a brain drain from smaller communities, with young, educated individuals being the most likely to leave. As a result, many rural areas have older populations and fewer workers, making it difficult to support local economies and basic services.

(38) ______. As cities grow, they encroach upon surrounding rural areas, leading to the loss of farmland and green spaces. This (39) ______, further eroding the character of rural communities.

The rise of big-box stores and online shopping has dealt another blow to local communities. (40) ______. This has led to the closure of many local shops, leaving once-vibrant main streets eerily quiet and diminishing the sense of community.

(Adapted from https://ielts.net)