Làm thử Đề khảo sát chất lượng các môn thi tốt nghiệp THPT môn Tiếng Anh 12 · Tiếng Anh · Trường THPT Hàm Rồng

the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6 On September 3, the Parade and March Subcommittee reviewed task A80, highlighting the significant progress (1) ____________ after months of intensive training. The celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the August Revolution and National Day, marked by a carefully coordinated military parade, was praised as a major success. All forces, demonstrating strong responsibility, left a positive impression (2) ____________ the public and strengthened the image of the (3) ____________. Throughout the preparation phase, agencies worked closely together, selecting appropriate soldiers and preparing essential equipment to ensure smooth (4) ____________. Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Nghia commended the participating units and asked them to complete post-event duties, including handing over facilities and organizing safe returns - a task (5) ____________ attention to detail. He also urged agencies (6) ____________ political education, allowing officers and soldiers returning to their units to continue studying and working with confidence. Transportation plans, arranged by the Department of Motorcycles and Transport, include road, rail, and air travel between September 3 and 5. (https://www.vietnam.vn/en/lam-tot-cong-tac-khen-thuong-cho-luc-luong-hoan-thanh-xuat-sac- nhiem-vu-a80)

the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6 On September 3, the Parade and March Subcommittee reviewed task A80, highlighting the significant progress (1) ____________ after months of intensive training. The celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the August Revolution and National Day, marked by a carefully coordinated military parade, was praised as a major success. All forces, demonstrating strong responsibility, left a positive impression (2) ____________ the public and strengthened the image of the (3) ____________. Throughout the preparation phase, agencies worked closely together, selecting appropriate soldiers and preparing essential equipment to ensure smooth (4) ____________. Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Nghia commended the participating units and asked them to complete post-event duties, including handing over facilities and organizing safe returns - a task (5) ____________ attention to detail. He also urged agencies (6) ____________ political education, allowing officers and soldiers returning to their units to continue studying and working with confidence. Transportation plans, arranged by the Department of Motorcycles and Transport, include road, rail, and air travel between September 3 and 5. (https://www.vietnam.vn/en/lam-tot-cong-tac-khen-thuong-cho-luc-luong-hoan-thanh-xuat-sac- nhiem-vu-a80)

the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6 On September 3, the Parade and March Subcommittee reviewed task A80, highlighting the significant progress (1) ____________ after months of intensive training. The celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the August Revolution and National Day, marked by a carefully coordinated military parade, was praised as a major success. All forces, demonstrating strong responsibility, left a positive impression (2) ____________ the public and strengthened the image of the (3) ____________. Throughout the preparation phase, agencies worked closely together, selecting appropriate soldiers and preparing essential equipment to ensure smooth (4) ____________. Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Nghia commended the participating units and asked them to complete post-event duties, including handing over facilities and organizing safe returns - a task (5) ____________ attention to detail. He also urged agencies (6) ____________ political education, allowing officers and soldiers returning to their units to continue studying and working with confidence. Transportation plans, arranged by the Department of Motorcycles and Transport, include road, rail, and air travel between September 3 and 5. (https://www.vietnam.vn/en/lam-tot-cong-tac-khen-thuong-cho-luc-luong-hoan-thanh-xuat-sac- nhiem-vu-a80)

the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6 On September 3, the Parade and March Subcommittee reviewed task A80, highlighting the significant progress (1) ____________ after months of intensive training. The celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the August Revolution and National Day, marked by a carefully coordinated military parade, was praised as a major success. All forces, demonstrating strong responsibility, left a positive impression (2) ____________ the public and strengthened the image of the (3) ____________. Throughout the preparation phase, agencies worked closely together, selecting appropriate soldiers and preparing essential equipment to ensure smooth (4) ____________. Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Nghia commended the participating units and asked them to complete post-event duties, including handing over facilities and organizing safe returns - a task (5) ____________ attention to detail. He also urged agencies (6) ____________ political education, allowing officers and soldiers returning to their units to continue studying and working with confidence. Transportation plans, arranged by the Department of Motorcycles and Transport, include road, rail, and air travel between September 3 and 5. (https://www.vietnam.vn/en/lam-tot-cong-tac-khen-thuong-cho-luc-luong-hoan-thanh-xuat-sac- nhiem-vu-a80)

the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6 On September 3, the Parade and March Subcommittee reviewed task A80, highlighting the significant progress (1) ____________ after months of intensive training. The celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the August Revolution and National Day, marked by a carefully coordinated military parade, was praised as a major success. All forces, demonstrating strong responsibility, left a positive impression (2) ____________ the public and strengthened the image of the (3) ____________. Throughout the preparation phase, agencies worked closely together, selecting appropriate soldiers and preparing essential equipment to ensure smooth (4) ____________. Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Nghia commended the participating units and asked them to complete post-event duties, including handing over facilities and organizing safe returns - a task (5) ____________ attention to detail. He also urged agencies (6) ____________ political education, allowing officers and soldiers returning to their units to continue studying and working with confidence. Transportation plans, arranged by the Department of Motorcycles and Transport, include road, rail, and air travel between September 3 and 5. (https://www.vietnam.vn/en/lam-tot-cong-tac-khen-thuong-cho-luc-luong-hoan-thanh-xuat-sac- nhiem-vu-a80)

the option that best fit each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6 On September 3, the Parade and March Subcommittee reviewed task A80, highlighting the significant progress (1) ____________ after months of intensive training. The celebration of the 80th Anniversary of the August Revolution and National Day, marked by a carefully coordinated military parade, was praised as a major success. All forces, demonstrating strong responsibility, left a positive impression (2) ____________ the public and strengthened the image of the (3) ____________. Throughout the preparation phase, agencies worked closely together, selecting appropriate soldiers and preparing essential equipment to ensure smooth (4) ____________. Senior Lieutenant General Nguyen Van Nghia commended the participating units and asked them to complete post-event duties, including handing over facilities and organizing safe returns - a task (5) ____________ attention to detail. He also urged agencies (6) ____________ political education, allowing officers and soldiers returning to their units to continue studying and working with confidence. Transportation plans, arranged by the Department of Motorcycles and Transport, include road, rail, and air travel between September 3 and 5. (https://www.vietnam.vn/en/lam-tot-cong-tac-khen-thuong-cho-luc-luong-hoan-thanh-xuat-sac- nhiem-vu-a80)

How to Manage Your Time Wisely Do you often feel overwhelmed by your daily tasks? Many people fail to organise their time properly, and as a result they (7) ___________ missing deadlines or feeling permanently stressed. First of all, set a fixed schedule every day: for example, devote one hour in the morning to plan your tasks. Then, allocate (8) ___________ of time to each task rather than trying to do everything at once. Use tools such as a calendar or planner and write down your tasks - this will help you stick to the plan and avoid unnecessary (9) ___________. (10) ___________, try to block out time for important goals like studying, work, or self-care — and don’t forget to rest. Instead of jumping from one task to (11) ___________, work steadily and complete one thing before you begin the next. Finally, focus on long-term (12) ___________ rather than immediate comfort: good time-management brings you lasting achievement and peace of mind. (Adapted from “How to Manage Your Money Wisely” - general advice on budgeting and planning finances.)

How to Manage Your Time Wisely Do you often feel overwhelmed by your daily tasks? Many people fail to organise their time properly, and as a result they (7) ___________ missing deadlines or feeling permanently stressed. First of all, set a fixed schedule every day: for example, devote one hour in the morning to plan your tasks. Then, allocate (8) ___________ of time to each task rather than trying to do everything at once. Use tools such as a calendar or planner and write down your tasks - this will help you stick to the plan and avoid unnecessary (9) ___________. (10) ___________, try to block out time for important goals like studying, work, or self-care — and don’t forget to rest. Instead of jumping from one task to (11) ___________, work steadily and complete one thing before you begin the next. Finally, focus on long-term (12) ___________ rather than immediate comfort: good time-management brings you lasting achievement and peace of mind. (Adapted from “How to Manage Your Money Wisely” - general advice on budgeting and planning finances.)

How to Manage Your Time Wisely Do you often feel overwhelmed by your daily tasks? Many people fail to organise their time properly, and as a result they (7) ___________ missing deadlines or feeling permanently stressed. First of all, set a fixed schedule every day: for example, devote one hour in the morning to plan your tasks. Then, allocate (8) ___________ of time to each task rather than trying to do everything at once. Use tools such as a calendar or planner and write down your tasks - this will help you stick to the plan and avoid unnecessary (9) ___________. (10) ___________, try to block out time for important goals like studying, work, or self-care — and don’t forget to rest. Instead of jumping from one task to (11) ___________, work steadily and complete one thing before you begin the next. Finally, focus on long-term (12) ___________ rather than immediate comfort: good time-management brings you lasting achievement and peace of mind. (Adapted from “How to Manage Your Money Wisely” - general advice on budgeting and planning finances.)

How to Manage Your Time Wisely Do you often feel overwhelmed by your daily tasks? Many people fail to organise their time properly, and as a result they (7) ___________ missing deadlines or feeling permanently stressed. First of all, set a fixed schedule every day: for example, devote one hour in the morning to plan your tasks. Then, allocate (8) ___________ of time to each task rather than trying to do everything at once. Use tools such as a calendar or planner and write down your tasks - this will help you stick to the plan and avoid unnecessary (9) ___________. (10) ___________, try to block out time for important goals like studying, work, or self-care — and don’t forget to rest. Instead of jumping from one task to (11) ___________, work steadily and complete one thing before you begin the next. Finally, focus on long-term (12) ___________ rather than immediate comfort: good time-management brings you lasting achievement and peace of mind. (Adapted from “How to Manage Your Money Wisely” - general advice on budgeting and planning finances.)

How to Manage Your Time Wisely Do you often feel overwhelmed by your daily tasks? Many people fail to organise their time properly, and as a result they (7) ___________ missing deadlines or feeling permanently stressed. First of all, set a fixed schedule every day: for example, devote one hour in the morning to plan your tasks. Then, allocate (8) ___________ of time to each task rather than trying to do everything at once. Use tools such as a calendar or planner and write down your tasks - this will help you stick to the plan and avoid unnecessary (9) ___________. (10) ___________, try to block out time for important goals like studying, work, or self-care — and don’t forget to rest. Instead of jumping from one task to (11) ___________, work steadily and complete one thing before you begin the next. Finally, focus on long-term (12) ___________ rather than immediate comfort: good time-management brings you lasting achievement and peace of mind. (Adapted from “How to Manage Your Money Wisely” - general advice on budgeting and planning finances.)

How to Manage Your Time Wisely Do you often feel overwhelmed by your daily tasks? Many people fail to organise their time properly, and as a result they (7) ___________ missing deadlines or feeling permanently stressed. First of all, set a fixed schedule every day: for example, devote one hour in the morning to plan your tasks. Then, allocate (8) ___________ of time to each task rather than trying to do everything at once. Use tools such as a calendar or planner and write down your tasks - this will help you stick to the plan and avoid unnecessary (9) ___________. (10) ___________, try to block out time for important goals like studying, work, or self-care — and don’t forget to rest. Instead of jumping from one task to (11) ___________, work steadily and complete one thing before you begin the next. Finally, focus on long-term (12) ___________ rather than immediate comfort: good time-management brings you lasting achievement and peace of mind. (Adapted from “How to Manage Your Money Wisely” - general advice on budgeting and planning finances.)

Question 13. a. The uncertainty is further compounded by the fear of committing to a path that may no longer align with who I become in the future. b. I often find myself caught between a rock and a hard place, torn between pursuing passion and meeting expectations set by my family and society. c. On the one hand, I am drawn to subjects that genuinely spark my curiosity, yet on the other, I cannot ignore practical concerns such as employability and long-term financial stability. d. Choosing a university major has been weighing heavily on my mind, as the decision feels far more permanent than it once did. e. Still, I am gradually learning that a well-considered choice does not require absolute certainty, but rather the courage to take responsibility for the direction I choose.

Question 14. a. Anna: Have you ever had a public figure you genuinely admire, not just because they’re famous but because of what they stand for? b. Anna: I feel the same way. What impresses me most is how she uses her global influence responsibly, turning personal hardship into a powerful voice for social change rather than seeking attention. c. Ben: Definitely. I really admire Malala Yousafzai. Despite facing life-threatening danger, she never gave up her fight for girls’ education, and I find her courage and determination truly inspiring.

Question 15. a. Linh: Exactly. My mum keeps saying I should focus more on “real life,” but she doesn’t realise that online and offline life are pretty much mixed now. b. Nick: All the time. Especially when it comes to social media - they think it’s a waste of time, while it’s actually how we stay connected. c. Linh: Do you ever feel like your parents just don’t get how things work these days? d. Linh: Yeah, I get that. Maybe if we explained things more calmly - and they listened without judging - the gap wouldn’t feel so big. e. Nick: True, but I guess from their point of view, they worry we’re spending too much time staring at screens instead of building real skills.

Question 16. a. Although challenges remain - particularly around data privacy and equitable access - Singapore’s experience demonstrates how coordinated policy, public-private collaboration, and citizen engagement can create a resilient and integrated smart urban ecosystem. b. A significant milestone was the launch of the Smart Nation Initiative in 2014, which set clear goals for integrating technology into urban systems such as transport, healthcare, and public services. c. By 2020, over 90% of Singaporean households had access to high-speed fibre broadband and sensor networks were deployed in key districts like Marina Bay and Punggol to collect real- time data on traffic, energy use, and environmental quality. d. Singapore’s development into a smart city has been a long-term process rooted in strategic planning and heavy investment in digital infrastructure since the early 2000s. e. Alongside this, the government introduced digital identity services and cashless payment platforms that now support more than 1,600 public services, making everyday transactions more efficient for citizens.

Question 17. Dear Ms Nguyen, a. It covers tuition fees and provides financial assistance to help with living expenses during your course of study. b. We are pleased to confirm that you have been awarded a full academic scholarship to study at the University of Oxford based on your outstanding academic achievements and personal statement. c. Should you require any further information or official documentation, feel free to contact our admissions office. d. Please note that the award is conditional upon your successful enrolment and compliance with university regulations. e. This scholarship is offered to support your admission to our university for the upcoming academic year in the United Kingdom. Yours sincerely, Admissions Office

B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Street Euphoria After Vietnam’s 3–2 Victory Over Thailand The final whistle had barely blown when Vietnam’s major cities erupted into scenes of spontaneous celebration. Following a dramatic 3–2 victory over Thailand in the SEA Games final, thousands of Vietnamese fans poured into the streets, transforming ordinary roads into rivers of red flags and jubilant chants. Motorbikes moved slowly through packed avenues, (18) ____________. The atmosphere was loud, vibrant, and unmistakably festive. What made the celebration remarkable was not only its scale but also its inclusiveness. Families, students, workers, and elderly residents joined the crowds, many waving national flags or wearing red shirts bearing the golden star. This collective outpouring of joy, often referred to as “đi bão,” (19) ____________, where football victories are experienced as shared national moments. Having witnessed countless international tournaments, foreign observers have noted that Vietnamese street celebrations possess a rare sense of unity. People who had never met before exchanged smiles and gestures of solidarity, united by the same emotional surge. (20) ____________. The streets, which usually symbolize daily routines and social divisions, became spaces of temporary equality. One striking feature was the discipline shown amid the excitement, with most participants celebrating peacefully and dispersing gradually as the night went on. This behaviour challenges common assumptions that large crowds inevitably lead to disorder. (21) ____________. The crowds eventually thinned, leaving the city calm once again. Viewed from a cultural perspective, (22) ____________. (Adapted from Vietnam News)

B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Street Euphoria After Vietnam’s 3–2 Victory Over Thailand The final whistle had barely blown when Vietnam’s major cities erupted into scenes of spontaneous celebration. Following a dramatic 3–2 victory over Thailand in the SEA Games final, thousands of Vietnamese fans poured into the streets, transforming ordinary roads into rivers of red flags and jubilant chants. Motorbikes moved slowly through packed avenues, (18) ____________. The atmosphere was loud, vibrant, and unmistakably festive. What made the celebration remarkable was not only its scale but also its inclusiveness. Families, students, workers, and elderly residents joined the crowds, many waving national flags or wearing red shirts bearing the golden star. This collective outpouring of joy, often referred to as “đi bão,” (19) ____________, where football victories are experienced as shared national moments. Having witnessed countless international tournaments, foreign observers have noted that Vietnamese street celebrations possess a rare sense of unity. People who had never met before exchanged smiles and gestures of solidarity, united by the same emotional surge. (20) ____________. The streets, which usually symbolize daily routines and social divisions, became spaces of temporary equality. One striking feature was the discipline shown amid the excitement, with most participants celebrating peacefully and dispersing gradually as the night went on. This behaviour challenges common assumptions that large crowds inevitably lead to disorder. (21) ____________. The crowds eventually thinned, leaving the city calm once again. Viewed from a cultural perspective, (22) ____________. (Adapted from Vietnam News)

B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Street Euphoria After Vietnam’s 3–2 Victory Over Thailand The final whistle had barely blown when Vietnam’s major cities erupted into scenes of spontaneous celebration. Following a dramatic 3–2 victory over Thailand in the SEA Games final, thousands of Vietnamese fans poured into the streets, transforming ordinary roads into rivers of red flags and jubilant chants. Motorbikes moved slowly through packed avenues, (18) ____________. The atmosphere was loud, vibrant, and unmistakably festive. What made the celebration remarkable was not only its scale but also its inclusiveness. Families, students, workers, and elderly residents joined the crowds, many waving national flags or wearing red shirts bearing the golden star. This collective outpouring of joy, often referred to as “đi bão,” (19) ____________, where football victories are experienced as shared national moments. Having witnessed countless international tournaments, foreign observers have noted that Vietnamese street celebrations possess a rare sense of unity. People who had never met before exchanged smiles and gestures of solidarity, united by the same emotional surge. (20) ____________. The streets, which usually symbolize daily routines and social divisions, became spaces of temporary equality. One striking feature was the discipline shown amid the excitement, with most participants celebrating peacefully and dispersing gradually as the night went on. This behaviour challenges common assumptions that large crowds inevitably lead to disorder. (21) ____________. The crowds eventually thinned, leaving the city calm once again. Viewed from a cultural perspective, (22) ____________. (Adapted from Vietnam News)

B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Street Euphoria After Vietnam’s 3–2 Victory Over Thailand The final whistle had barely blown when Vietnam’s major cities erupted into scenes of spontaneous celebration. Following a dramatic 3–2 victory over Thailand in the SEA Games final, thousands of Vietnamese fans poured into the streets, transforming ordinary roads into rivers of red flags and jubilant chants. Motorbikes moved slowly through packed avenues, (18) ____________. The atmosphere was loud, vibrant, and unmistakably festive. What made the celebration remarkable was not only its scale but also its inclusiveness. Families, students, workers, and elderly residents joined the crowds, many waving national flags or wearing red shirts bearing the golden star. This collective outpouring of joy, often referred to as “đi bão,” (19) ____________, where football victories are experienced as shared national moments. Having witnessed countless international tournaments, foreign observers have noted that Vietnamese street celebrations possess a rare sense of unity. People who had never met before exchanged smiles and gestures of solidarity, united by the same emotional surge. (20) ____________. The streets, which usually symbolize daily routines and social divisions, became spaces of temporary equality. One striking feature was the discipline shown amid the excitement, with most participants celebrating peacefully and dispersing gradually as the night went on. This behaviour challenges common assumptions that large crowds inevitably lead to disorder. (21) ____________. The crowds eventually thinned, leaving the city calm once again. Viewed from a cultural perspective, (22) ____________. (Adapted from Vietnam News)

B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Street Euphoria After Vietnam’s 3–2 Victory Over Thailand The final whistle had barely blown when Vietnam’s major cities erupted into scenes of spontaneous celebration. Following a dramatic 3–2 victory over Thailand in the SEA Games final, thousands of Vietnamese fans poured into the streets, transforming ordinary roads into rivers of red flags and jubilant chants. Motorbikes moved slowly through packed avenues, (18) ____________. The atmosphere was loud, vibrant, and unmistakably festive. What made the celebration remarkable was not only its scale but also its inclusiveness. Families, students, workers, and elderly residents joined the crowds, many waving national flags or wearing red shirts bearing the golden star. This collective outpouring of joy, often referred to as “đi bão,” (19) ____________, where football victories are experienced as shared national moments. Having witnessed countless international tournaments, foreign observers have noted that Vietnamese street celebrations possess a rare sense of unity. People who had never met before exchanged smiles and gestures of solidarity, united by the same emotional surge. (20) ____________. The streets, which usually symbolize daily routines and social divisions, became spaces of temporary equality. One striking feature was the discipline shown amid the excitement, with most participants celebrating peacefully and dispersing gradually as the night went on. This behaviour challenges common assumptions that large crowds inevitably lead to disorder. (21) ____________. The crowds eventually thinned, leaving the city calm once again. Viewed from a cultural perspective, (22) ____________. (Adapted from Vietnam News)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

Cybersecurity and Privacy in the Digital Age In recent years, the world has witnessed a marked increase in cyber-attacks and large-scale data breaches as more individuals and organisations rely on digital platforms. According to a global survey, fewer than two per cent of companies have fully implemented cyber-resilience strategies, while the average cost of a serious data breach now exceeds 3.3 million US dollars. This worrying figure illustrates how many institutions remain vulnerable, often because they lack strong security frameworks or fail to invest sufficiently in protective measures. The challenge has become even greater with the rapid rise of cloud computing, big data analytics, and artificial intelligence (AI). While these technologies provide efficiency and flexibility, they also broaden the “attack surface”. Cloud-based threats, third-party breaches, and sophisticated leak-and-hack operations are among the key concerns for security specialists in 2025. As organisations race to make use of digital tools, many overlook the need to secure confidential information, leaving personal data - from financial records to private messages - increasingly exposed. The risks are not limited to the private sector. In areas such as banking and finance, digital transformation has created serious privacy challenges. Recent research suggests that although banks seek to modernise their services through cloud, AI, and blockchain, many still struggle to ensure both privacy protection and cybersecurity. Customers’ confidence can be seriously damaged if institutions fail to safeguard their data, especially in a world that depends heavily on digital financial services. The constantly evolving nature of cyber threats makes the task even more complex. Experts warn that AI itself, although useful in defence, may also become a tool for criminals. In several regions, security authorities predict an increase in more advanced, AI-driven attacks, including supply-chain intrusions and cloud-native vulnerabilities. As a result, data privacy is no longer only a technical matter but also one of trust, ethics, and institutional responsibility. (Adapted from “Global Digital Trust Insights 2025”)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)

URBAN EMPLOYMENT AND THE RISE OF THE GIG ECONOMY In many major cities, the labour market has undergone a marked shift as traditional full-time jobs give way to short-term, task-based work. This transformation is largely driven by digital platforms that match service providers with customers in real time. [I]. As urban populations continue to swell, the number of people turning to gig work - whether as their primary occupation or as a supplementary source of income - has grown significantly. For many urban residents, gig work represents an attractive alternative to conventional employment. It allows individuals to organise their time freely, avoid long commutes, and pursue multiple income streams. [II]. Students, carers, and migrants in particular are drawn to the autonomy that platform-based work promises. Yet this sense of freedom can be misleading. Workers remain subject to platform algorithms that determine visibility, pay rates, and customer access, often without transparency or recourse. [III]. As a result, gig workers may find themselves competing intensely for tasks, accepting lower fees, or working unsociable hours to maintain financial stability. The implications of this trend extend beyond individual livelihoods. As gig work expands, concerns over employment rights, social protection, and the long-term health of urban labour markets have intensified. Many gig workers lack access to essential benefits such as sick pay, holiday leave, or pension contributions - protections that are commonly associated with traditional employment contracts. Without these safeguards, they are more vulnerable to economic shocks, illness, or unexpected expenses. Policymakers and labour advocates argue that cities relying heavily on gig labour risk deepening inequalities unless regulatory frameworks catch up with technological change. [IV]. Despite these challenges, the gig economy continues to embed itself in the fabric of urban life. Demand for services such as food delivery, ride-hailing, and freelance digital work shows little sign of slowing. Some cities have begun experimenting with reforms, including minimum pay standards and portable benefit schemes, in an attempt to balance innovation with worker welfare. Whether these measures will be sufficient remains uncertain, but it is clear that the future of urban employment will be shaped, in no small part, by how societies choose to manage and support the growing gig workforce. (Adapted from World Bank 2023; ILO 2021; OECD 2019)