Làm thử Đề thi thử tốt nghiệp THPT năm 2026 · Tiếng Anh · Trường THPT Mê Linh (Hưng Yên) · Lần 2

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How to Protect Our Environment?

Protecting the environment is the responsibility of not only governments but also (1) ____________ individual in the community. In today's rapidly changing world, environmental problems are becoming more serious and visible. Small daily actions can make a big (2) ____________ in protecting our planet for future generations. For example, you can reduce waste by using reusable bags and bottles instead of single-use plastic items.

Another important step is to support local businesses that promote (3) ____________ and sustainable farming methods in your area. In addition, switching off electrical devices when they are not (4) ____________ use helps cut down on energy consumption at home and in the workplace.

You should also encourage other people around you to take part in community clean-up (5) ____________ and environmental workshops, (6) ____________ these activities help raise awareness and build a greener, more sustainable future for everyone.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How to Protect Our Environment?

Protecting the environment is the responsibility of not only governments but also (1) ____________ individual in the community. In today's rapidly changing world, environmental problems are becoming more serious and visible. Small daily actions can make a big (2) ____________ in protecting our planet for future generations. For example, you can reduce waste by using reusable bags and bottles instead of single-use plastic items.

Another important step is to support local businesses that promote (3) ____________ and sustainable farming methods in your area. In addition, switching off electrical devices when they are not (4) ____________ use helps cut down on energy consumption at home and in the workplace.

You should also encourage other people around you to take part in community clean-up (5) ____________ and environmental workshops, (6) ____________ these activities help raise awareness and build a greener, more sustainable future for everyone.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How to Protect Our Environment?

Protecting the environment is the responsibility of not only governments but also (1) ____________ individual in the community. In today's rapidly changing world, environmental problems are becoming more serious and visible. Small daily actions can make a big (2) ____________ in protecting our planet for future generations. For example, you can reduce waste by using reusable bags and bottles instead of single-use plastic items.

Another important step is to support local businesses that promote (3) ____________ and sustainable farming methods in your area. In addition, switching off electrical devices when they are not (4) ____________ use helps cut down on energy consumption at home and in the workplace.

You should also encourage other people around you to take part in community clean-up (5) ____________ and environmental workshops, (6) ____________ these activities help raise awareness and build a greener, more sustainable future for everyone.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How to Protect Our Environment?

Protecting the environment is the responsibility of not only governments but also (1) ____________ individual in the community. In today's rapidly changing world, environmental problems are becoming more serious and visible. Small daily actions can make a big (2) ____________ in protecting our planet for future generations. For example, you can reduce waste by using reusable bags and bottles instead of single-use plastic items.

Another important step is to support local businesses that promote (3) ____________ and sustainable farming methods in your area. In addition, switching off electrical devices when they are not (4) ____________ use helps cut down on energy consumption at home and in the workplace.

You should also encourage other people around you to take part in community clean-up (5) ____________ and environmental workshops, (6) ____________ these activities help raise awareness and build a greener, more sustainable future for everyone.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How to Protect Our Environment?

Protecting the environment is the responsibility of not only governments but also (1) ____________ individual in the community. In today's rapidly changing world, environmental problems are becoming more serious and visible. Small daily actions can make a big (2) ____________ in protecting our planet for future generations. For example, you can reduce waste by using reusable bags and bottles instead of single-use plastic items.

Another important step is to support local businesses that promote (3) ____________ and sustainable farming methods in your area. In addition, switching off electrical devices when they are not (4) ____________ use helps cut down on energy consumption at home and in the workplace.

You should also encourage other people around you to take part in community clean-up (5) ____________ and environmental workshops, (6) ____________ these activities help raise awareness and build a greener, more sustainable future for everyone.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 6.

How to Protect Our Environment?

Protecting the environment is the responsibility of not only governments but also (1) ____________ individual in the community. In today's rapidly changing world, environmental problems are becoming more serious and visible. Small daily actions can make a big (2) ____________ in protecting our planet for future generations. For example, you can reduce waste by using reusable bags and bottles instead of single-use plastic items.

Another important step is to support local businesses that promote (3) ____________ and sustainable farming methods in your area. In addition, switching off electrical devices when they are not (4) ____________ use helps cut down on energy consumption at home and in the workplace.

You should also encourage other people around you to take part in community clean-up (5) ____________ and environmental workshops, (6) ____________ these activities help raise awareness and build a greener, more sustainable future for everyone.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Preserving Folk Music: Protecting a Living Heritage

Folk music is an essential part of cultural heritage, reflecting values and traditions that have been shaped over generations. Many traditional musical forms take (7) ____________ from everyday experiences and community life, which gives them lasting meaning. However, rapid social change has made folk music less visible, so active efforts are needed to ensure its survival.

Ways to preserve folk music:

• Make traditional performances more appealing to younger audiences by combining them with modern settings and media.
• Encourage participation by a large (8) ____________ of young people through school programmes and local festivals.
• Support folk music, (9) ____________ down orally for centuries, by recording performances and documenting lyrics. Promote collaboration between experienced artists and (10) ____________ who are learning traditional styles.
• Create cultural spaces (11) ____________ allow musicians to perform regularly and interact with audiences.

By valuing folk music as a living art form rather than a museum piece, societies can help it remain relevant and (12) ____________ in modern life.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Preserving Folk Music: Protecting a Living Heritage

Folk music is an essential part of cultural heritage, reflecting values and traditions that have been shaped over generations. Many traditional musical forms take (7) ____________ from everyday experiences and community life, which gives them lasting meaning. However, rapid social change has made folk music less visible, so active efforts are needed to ensure its survival.

Ways to preserve folk music:

• Make traditional performances more appealing to younger audiences by combining them with modern settings and media.
• Encourage participation by a large (8) ____________ of young people through school programmes and local festivals.
• Support folk music, (9) ____________ down orally for centuries, by recording performances and documenting lyrics. Promote collaboration between experienced artists and (10) ____________ who are learning traditional styles.
• Create cultural spaces (11) ____________ allow musicians to perform regularly and interact with audiences.

By valuing folk music as a living art form rather than a museum piece, societies can help it remain relevant and (12) ____________ in modern life.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Preserving Folk Music: Protecting a Living Heritage

Folk music is an essential part of cultural heritage, reflecting values and traditions that have been shaped over generations. Many traditional musical forms take (7) ____________ from everyday experiences and community life, which gives them lasting meaning. However, rapid social change has made folk music less visible, so active efforts are needed to ensure its survival.

Ways to preserve folk music:

• Make traditional performances more appealing to younger audiences by combining them with modern settings and media.
• Encourage participation by a large (8) ____________ of young people through school programmes and local festivals.
• Support folk music, (9) ____________ down orally for centuries, by recording performances and documenting lyrics. Promote collaboration between experienced artists and (10) ____________ who are learning traditional styles.
• Create cultural spaces (11) ____________ allow musicians to perform regularly and interact with audiences.

By valuing folk music as a living art form rather than a museum piece, societies can help it remain relevant and (12) ____________ in modern life.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Preserving Folk Music: Protecting a Living Heritage

Folk music is an essential part of cultural heritage, reflecting values and traditions that have been shaped over generations. Many traditional musical forms take (7) ____________ from everyday experiences and community life, which gives them lasting meaning. However, rapid social change has made folk music less visible, so active efforts are needed to ensure its survival.

Ways to preserve folk music:

• Make traditional performances more appealing to younger audiences by combining them with modern settings and media.
• Encourage participation by a large (8) ____________ of young people through school programmes and local festivals.
• Support folk music, (9) ____________ down orally for centuries, by recording performances and documenting lyrics. Promote collaboration between experienced artists and (10) ____________ who are learning traditional styles.
• Create cultural spaces (11) ____________ allow musicians to perform regularly and interact with audiences.

By valuing folk music as a living art form rather than a museum piece, societies can help it remain relevant and (12) ____________ in modern life.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Preserving Folk Music: Protecting a Living Heritage

Folk music is an essential part of cultural heritage, reflecting values and traditions that have been shaped over generations. Many traditional musical forms take (7) ____________ from everyday experiences and community life, which gives them lasting meaning. However, rapid social change has made folk music less visible, so active efforts are needed to ensure its survival.

Ways to preserve folk music:

• Make traditional performances more appealing to younger audiences by combining them with modern settings and media.
• Encourage participation by a large (8) ____________ of young people through school programmes and local festivals.
• Support folk music, (9) ____________ down orally for centuries, by recording performances and documenting lyrics. Promote collaboration between experienced artists and (10) ____________ who are learning traditional styles.
• Create cultural spaces (11) ____________ allow musicians to perform regularly and interact with audiences.

By valuing folk music as a living art form rather than a museum piece, societies can help it remain relevant and (12) ____________ in modern life.

Read the following leaflet and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 7 to 12.

Preserving Folk Music: Protecting a Living Heritage

Folk music is an essential part of cultural heritage, reflecting values and traditions that have been shaped over generations. Many traditional musical forms take (7) ____________ from everyday experiences and community life, which gives them lasting meaning. However, rapid social change has made folk music less visible, so active efforts are needed to ensure its survival.

Ways to preserve folk music:

• Make traditional performances more appealing to younger audiences by combining them with modern settings and media.
• Encourage participation by a large (8) ____________ of young people through school programmes and local festivals.
• Support folk music, (9) ____________ down orally for centuries, by recording performances and documenting lyrics. Promote collaboration between experienced artists and (10) ____________ who are learning traditional styles.
• Create cultural spaces (11) ____________ allow musicians to perform regularly and interact with audiences.

By valuing folk music as a living art form rather than a museum piece, societies can help it remain relevant and (12) ____________ in modern life.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 13.

a. Mai: I agree. Those who embrace lifelong learning are more likely to adapt to changes and succeed.

b. Tung: It also keeps life exciting, don't you think? Exploring new areas constantly is so rewarding.

c. Tung: I think it's essential in today's world. Skills and knowledge become outdated so quickly.

d. Mai: What's your opinion on lifelong learning?

e. Mai: Lifelong learning is like investing in yourself, and that's always worth it.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 14.

a. The change brings more jobs and better buses, yet it also raises rents and makes long-time families feel invisible in their own area.

b. As new apartments and shopping streets appear, older parks and small markets are often moved or reduced to make room.

c. If planners protect green corners, add safe walking routes, and support affordable housing, growth can feel like real progress instead of a loss.

d. In my neighbourhood, a quiet field became a high-rise complex, and the new residents now queue for coffee where kids once played football.

e. Urbanisation has made my city busier every year, and it has even changed the way we share public space after school.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 15.

a. Academic study provides a platform for acquiring knowledge, critical thinking skills, and intellectual growth.

b. Students should pursue academic study for a variety of compelling reasons.

c. Additionally, academic study equips individuals with qualifications necessary to pursue their desired careers.

d. It offers the opportunity to delve into diverse subjects, fostering a broad understanding of the world and its complexities.

e. This opens doors to a wide range of professional opportunities.

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 16.

Dear Sir or Madam,

a. I am writing to apply for the post of a volunteer at your charity centre.

b. Actually, last summer, I spent a month there helping to take care of young kids. I am also patient and caring.

c. I look forward to hearing from you.

d. I can spend hours listening to and talking with other people. I am available for an interview on any day after 4:30 p.m. If my application is successful, I can start work immediately.

e. I saw the advertisement on my school notice board last week. I have experience in volunteering in my local orphanage.

Yours faithfully,

Mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best arrangement of utterances or sentences to make a cohesive and coherent exchange or text in each of the following questions from 13 to 17.

Question 17.

a. Patient: Thank you, doctor. I'll follow your instructions.

b. Doctor: You have a mild flu. Take these tablets twice a day and drink plenty of water.

c. Patient: Good morning doctor, I've been having a headache and fever since yesterday.

Read the passage about The Growing Tension Between Cruise Tourism and Local Communities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The cruise industry faces serious challenges as tourist destinations worldwide deal with too many visitors.

If cruise lines were to ignore these growing problems, they would risk losing access to popular ports completely. Barcelona and Venice have already taken strong action against mass tourism, creating strict rules to protect their historical centers from too many visitors. Amsterdam shows this problem clearly: (18) ____________, locals believe they cause especially big disruptions to daily life. Local communities, tired of constant tourist crowds, have organized protests asking for better tourism policies. Santorini and Dubrovnik now limit daily visitor numbers, forcing cruise companies to change their schedules. Whether economic benefits are worth environmental damage (19) ____________, who once happily welcomed tourist money. Infrastructure problems have become very obvious during busy season when several ships arrive together.

These restrictions try to protect destinations for future generations, (20) ____________. Tourist taxes have become one solution, creating money for infrastructure improvements while possibly reducing visitor numbers. Port authorities understand the need for balance; (21) ____________. Environmental concerns add another problem to these discussions. In the future, cruise companies will need to adapt how they operate to respect these new rules. They might consider using smaller vessels, (22) ____________, and working closely with local shops and restaurants to prove they care about sustainable tourism. The success of these efforts depends on everyone working together - cruise lines, local governments, and community members must find solutions that benefit all parties equally.

Read the passage about The Growing Tension Between Cruise Tourism and Local Communities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The cruise industry faces serious challenges as tourist destinations worldwide deal with too many visitors.

If cruise lines were to ignore these growing problems, they would risk losing access to popular ports completely. Barcelona and Venice have already taken strong action against mass tourism, creating strict rules to protect their historical centers from too many visitors. Amsterdam shows this problem clearly: (18) ____________, locals believe they cause especially big disruptions to daily life. Local communities, tired of constant tourist crowds, have organized protests asking for better tourism policies. Santorini and Dubrovnik now limit daily visitor numbers, forcing cruise companies to change their schedules. Whether economic benefits are worth environmental damage (19) ____________, who once happily welcomed tourist money. Infrastructure problems have become very obvious during busy season when several ships arrive together.

These restrictions try to protect destinations for future generations, (20) ____________. Tourist taxes have become one solution, creating money for infrastructure improvements while possibly reducing visitor numbers. Port authorities understand the need for balance; (21) ____________. Environmental concerns add another problem to these discussions. In the future, cruise companies will need to adapt how they operate to respect these new rules. They might consider using smaller vessels, (22) ____________, and working closely with local shops and restaurants to prove they care about sustainable tourism. The success of these efforts depends on everyone working together - cruise lines, local governments, and community members must find solutions that benefit all parties equally.

Read the passage about The Growing Tension Between Cruise Tourism and Local Communities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The cruise industry faces serious challenges as tourist destinations worldwide deal with too many visitors.

If cruise lines were to ignore these growing problems, they would risk losing access to popular ports completely. Barcelona and Venice have already taken strong action against mass tourism, creating strict rules to protect their historical centers from too many visitors. Amsterdam shows this problem clearly: (18) ____________, locals believe they cause especially big disruptions to daily life. Local communities, tired of constant tourist crowds, have organized protests asking for better tourism policies. Santorini and Dubrovnik now limit daily visitor numbers, forcing cruise companies to change their schedules. Whether economic benefits are worth environmental damage (19) ____________, who once happily welcomed tourist money. Infrastructure problems have become very obvious during busy season when several ships arrive together.

These restrictions try to protect destinations for future generations, (20) ____________. Tourist taxes have become one solution, creating money for infrastructure improvements while possibly reducing visitor numbers. Port authorities understand the need for balance; (21) ____________. Environmental concerns add another problem to these discussions. In the future, cruise companies will need to adapt how they operate to respect these new rules. They might consider using smaller vessels, (22) ____________, and working closely with local shops and restaurants to prove they care about sustainable tourism. The success of these efforts depends on everyone working together - cruise lines, local governments, and community members must find solutions that benefit all parties equally.

Read the passage about The Growing Tension Between Cruise Tourism and Local Communities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The cruise industry faces serious challenges as tourist destinations worldwide deal with too many visitors.

If cruise lines were to ignore these growing problems, they would risk losing access to popular ports completely. Barcelona and Venice have already taken strong action against mass tourism, creating strict rules to protect their historical centers from too many visitors. Amsterdam shows this problem clearly: (18) ____________, locals believe they cause especially big disruptions to daily life. Local communities, tired of constant tourist crowds, have organized protests asking for better tourism policies. Santorini and Dubrovnik now limit daily visitor numbers, forcing cruise companies to change their schedules. Whether economic benefits are worth environmental damage (19) ____________, who once happily welcomed tourist money. Infrastructure problems have become very obvious during busy season when several ships arrive together.

These restrictions try to protect destinations for future generations, (20) ____________. Tourist taxes have become one solution, creating money for infrastructure improvements while possibly reducing visitor numbers. Port authorities understand the need for balance; (21) ____________. Environmental concerns add another problem to these discussions. In the future, cruise companies will need to adapt how they operate to respect these new rules. They might consider using smaller vessels, (22) ____________, and working closely with local shops and restaurants to prove they care about sustainable tourism. The success of these efforts depends on everyone working together - cruise lines, local governments, and community members must find solutions that benefit all parties equally.

Read the passage about The Growing Tension Between Cruise Tourism and Local Communities and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22.

The cruise industry faces serious challenges as tourist destinations worldwide deal with too many visitors.

If cruise lines were to ignore these growing problems, they would risk losing access to popular ports completely. Barcelona and Venice have already taken strong action against mass tourism, creating strict rules to protect their historical centers from too many visitors. Amsterdam shows this problem clearly: (18) ____________, locals believe they cause especially big disruptions to daily life. Local communities, tired of constant tourist crowds, have organized protests asking for better tourism policies. Santorini and Dubrovnik now limit daily visitor numbers, forcing cruise companies to change their schedules. Whether economic benefits are worth environmental damage (19) ____________, who once happily welcomed tourist money. Infrastructure problems have become very obvious during busy season when several ships arrive together.

These restrictions try to protect destinations for future generations, (20) ____________. Tourist taxes have become one solution, creating money for infrastructure improvements while possibly reducing visitor numbers. Port authorities understand the need for balance; (21) ____________. Environmental concerns add another problem to these discussions. In the future, cruise companies will need to adapt how they operate to respect these new rules. They might consider using smaller vessels, (22) ____________, and working closely with local shops and restaurants to prove they care about sustainable tourism. The success of these efforts depends on everyone working together - cruise lines, local governments, and community members must find solutions that benefit all parties equally.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30.

In the digital age, the role of newspapers has evolved significantly. Traditionally, newspapers were the primary source of information, providing news, opinion pieces, and advertisements to a wide audience. However, with the rise of the internet and social media, the newspaper industry has had to adapt to new technologies and changing consumer habits. Many people now turn to online platforms for instant access to news, which has led to a decline in print subscriptions.

Despite the challenges posed by digital media, newspapers continue to play a crucial role in society. They provide in-depth analysis, investigative journalism, and local coverage that is often not available through digital-only platforms. Print newspapers still hold significant credibility among many readers, especially older generations who value the physical format. They are also important in reaching audiences in areas with limited internet access, ensuring that all communities stay informed.

Moreover, newspapers have adapted by embracing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. Many major newspapers now have online versions, offering news articles, multimedia content, and interactive features. This shift has allowed newspapers to maintain their relevance and remain competitive in the digital landscape. The move to digital has also led to the rise of subscription-based models, where readers pay for premium content, creating new revenue streams for traditional media outlets.

However, the digital transformation has not been without its challenges. Newspapers face increasing competition from social media platforms, blogs, and online news outlets, which often provide quicker updates and attract younger audiences. Additionally, the rise of fake news and misinformation on digital platforms has made it more difficult for traditional newspapers to maintain their position as trusted sources of information. Despite these challenges, newspapers continue to play a vital role in providing accurate and reliable news in an ever-changing media landscape.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 31 to 40.

The Hidden Economy of Browser Cookies: Tracking the Trackers

Every time you browse the internet, a quiet trade takes place. Bits of your behaviour are recorded, analysed, and often sold without you noticing. Browser cookies, small files that websites place on your device, started out as simple tools for convenience. Today, they can also support wide-scale tracking that fuels a huge data market. First-party cookies, set by the sites you actually visit, usually do harmless jobs like keeping you logged in or saving what is in your shopping cart. Third-party cookies are more intrusive. They can follow you from site to site and help build detailed profiles of your interests, routines, and even weak points. Over time, this system turns ordinary users into products, with browsing habits collected and traded to advertisers who want sharper targeting.

[I] It raises hard questions about consent and control, and about how much power sits with large tech firms compared with everyday users. Cookie tracking can enable prediction: systems may guess political views or health worries from a trail of clicks. [II] Many people find that unsettling. And while "cookie consent" banners claim to offer choice, they often push users in one direction. Some rely on dark patterns, design tricks that make "accept all" easy and "reject" slow, hidden, or confusing. [III] Add the fact that data practices are rarely clear, and most people never see the full picture. [IV] In some cases, data collected for ads can be combined and resold by brokers, and it may affect decisions in areas like credit, insurance, or hiring.

Rules and browser changes suggest the system is starting to shift. In Europe, strict privacy laws have pressured companies to limit third-party tracking, and major browsers have moved toward reducing support for third-party cookies. Consumer groups also argue for clearer disclosure so people can understand who is collecting what, and why. Still, the incentives to track users remain strong. Advertising businesses depend on it, and new tools may simply repeat the same behaviour under a different name. For users, the lesson is practical: "free" services often come with hidden costs. Protecting privacy takes some personal action and, just as importantly, public pressure for better standards.